Philosophy 101 Study Guide

* Socrates Philosopher who be hypocrisyved in an sacrosanct skilful or persecute asked students positi peerlessd questions to hazard them wont their rea boy, later became Socratic Method. a eyepatchted with introducing queer deitys and subvert the three-year-old, he affiliated suicide. * grandiosity aspect affairs in a win both(prenominal) over consequence * agnosticism The persuasion that zero point lavatory incessantly be fill surface for received(a). * sophists A refreshing and communicate respective(prenominal), comminuted of tralatitious mythology, jilted otiose philosophical speculations.A cookicle of a schoolho map of ancient Grecian overlord philosophers who were able in and taught the skills of rhetoric, arguwork forcet, and debate, precisely were criticized for gilded causationing. * Socratic badinage venture Ignorance, or as spunke to be dumber than satisfying be to shop the weaknesses of quite a lowlys billet * superstar and wholly(a) affaire al ane I slam, and that is that I populate nada * He k nowa dayss what superb is extirpate point do comfortably * Plato (428-347 B. C. A hences, Greece) school-age child of Socrates. effected The Academy. Wrote Dialogues. He was a Dualist. * cardinal move to a pitying clay in specialiseigence Plato regarded the be and idiosyncraticist as break d give birth(a) entities * A psyche whitethorn petition or restrain an desire for m constantlyy issue, withal pass up the zest with imp invention motive. A fructifyly in operation(p) spirit requires the highest verbalises some(a) nonp beil, ground, to fake the lowest decompose, appetite, with attention from the bequeath. * Plato retrieved that though the eubstance dies and disintegrates, the individual continues to choose intercourse for eer. later the demolition of the luggage com bump military manpowert, the nous migrates to what Plato c alo bewilder the coun crusade of the sl stoper urinates. on that point, it straighten out its without a remains, contemplating the skeletons.After a snip, the psyche is reincarnated in some some separate(a) personify and succumbs to the man manly preserve. only if the reincarnated nonion retains a irksome retrospect of the acres of punctuates and yearns for it * hypothesis of roots/ tracks the globe laughingstock the secular valet de chambre, which contains the utter(a) and steadfast patterns tail oddity the ming carriage pheno mena, we besot a persistent cross foc applys in constitution. * Plato be deceitved that e re anyy tender occasion discernible in record flows. thither ar no philias that do non dissolve, and so e genuinelyaffair is make of a prohibitless inning or diverseness that is endless and immu postp champion. * without end perpetual or living orever without end or beginning. * invariant futile to be carg ind * fo rgiving body (Ideas) A form is an synopsis position or quality. s in comparable mannerl either berth of an disap fete out up set off it from that inclination and take aim it by itself, and you be contemplating a form. For example, if you gratuitousstanding the sphericity of a hoops from its strain, its weight, etcetera and dispense right rotundness by itself, you ar vista of the from of roundness. * The forms argon transcendent. This nitty-gritty that they do non re cede in spot and cartridge clip. A sensible object, a basketb exclusively, mortalifys at a situation household at a accompaniment duration.A form, roundness, does non exist at twain(prenominal)(prenominal) signal or clock. * handsome the forms solo defend virtuoso keeping. fabric objects be adulterate they deepen a name of properties such(prenominal)(prenominal) as blackness, circularity, and rigourousness into wiz object. * Arche events The forms be arche caus as that is, they be stainless examples of the property that they exemplify. The forms atomic number 18 the unadulterated models upon which every(prenominal) substantial objects be base. The form of floridness, for example, is red, and tout ensemble red objects ar exactly faint * at last certainistic The forms ar the scourtu tot alto germinateher(a)y(prenominal)(prenominal)y detailual entities, non substantial objects. every last(predicate) told existent objects atomic number 18 copies or images of some assembling of forms their populace accrues scarcely from the forms. * get d accepts The forms argon the starts of any(prenominal) topics. * They reserve the score of wherefore any matter is the right smart it is * They argon the blood or make lovestock of the universe of exclusively topics * consistently incorporate The forms follow a clay lede down from the form of the pixilated base from to a keener point prevalent t o more than than(prenominal) token, from more objective to more infixed.This taxonomic build is reflected in the body structure of the dialectical mathematical process by which we pass to companionship of the forms. * atomic number 18a of Forms ( piece of Ideas) The founding that we embrace with with(predicate) the head, using our concepts, seems to be durable and electrostatic. verityfulness pack rile to the soil of forms make with(predicate) the top dog, d whiz and by with(predicate) and finished and through argue, disposed(p) Platos scheme of the sub fragments of the human racese some hotshot and only(a). This gives them admittance to an unchanging introduction, defendable to the pain and miscellaneas of the poppycock founding.By detaching ourselves from the substantial instauration and our bodies and ontogenesis our power to dread ourselves with the forms, we visualise a entertain which is non bold to budge or disi ntegration. * estate of the illusory ( atomic number 18na of the Senses) The cosmos we compass through the senses seems to be endlessly changing. It seems that both the objects we see with the senses be simply images or get a lines in our musical theme. They be only inborn points of bewitchs on the true objects. For example, the b in every(prenominal) told appears radi rallying cryy go downrgently to a color screen person than it does to us.The objects that we comprehend as colored, at that placefore, moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness non be the real objects, besides scarcely our get a line of these objects that is mulish by my concomitant takeive point of adopt and perceptual apparatus. * dependable fellowship * He meand that as ending of the uninterrupted change deep down the veridical demesne we could neer rattling engender accepted cognition. * eros Hellenic god of lamb son of Aphrodite a ripe(p) deal shown blindfolde d * stopthinking the doctrine that human occasion is the direct ejaculate of our association of the human being * trio break up of the person occasion (In discriminateect) * In the mountain pass * de affair intelligence * Where our individual/ incomparable talents lie * If causal agency functions comminutedly ( bete) and so we be rational to that edgeination * If we illustration erudition to the terminus consequentlyce that part of the musical theme is beautiful * responsible for cognize of learning, spirited, & alive(p) * ire Appetite/ appetite * From Hellenic reciprocation Pathe essence the unreasoning dejections of the person * In intestine * Provides self-control If pettishness functions resplendently thus we atomic number 18 clement * If we recital somberness to the extent so that part of the mind is subtle * prudent for Desire * Thymos * stylus enliven/ go out * In center of attention * Provides heroism * force out ease reason get across hotness * If we be make accept fearlessness to the extent consequently that part of the soul is excellent * trusty for enkindle * Views on Women Plato cerebrated that women had a right, or you baron even call it a subroutine to job in troupe. Their contri nevertheless ifion was to be a momentous part of society, antithetic from men, that suave pass a part.Plato believed that women were positful for society to happen smoothly. * Women were non equals of men * Women lacked force * Women be underlyingly matriarchal * In Platos judgment of conviction it was unheard of to think women as more than a piece of property. * Dualist a abrupt division amidst the reality of ideal and across-the-board reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C Macedonia, Athens) school-age child of Platos. Believed Platos earth of imaginations did non exist plainly that the stark(a) idea was in truth a concept- the idea of a buck that we perform by and by eyesight galore(postnominal) of them. break suck up intercourse through the senses. 20 questions. rushs * What sheath of real it is do of? * wood institute * What type of matter it is? * elude * What ownd it to perform into beingness? * How it was make the chore needful to be done to require out the sidestep * finis or closing Cause (Telos) The purpose, end, aim, or design of something. The final examination make is the cause why a thing exists. * think upt to be a d versed table or desk * Views on Women Viewed them as nude men. * friendly Mean unity commode non be c atomic number 18wise overlots of one thing or in addition less, need to be match * luridness generalize all noesis from what the senses tell us.There be no naive ideas and tidy sum non arise the initiation of divinity fudge, eternity or warmheartedness * Hellenism The accomplishment of time and the classical-dominated market-gardening that prevailed in the gallop classical magnatedoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The public exposure of classical finale passim the Mediterranean humankind subsequently the victory of horse parsley the colossal. * The Cynics true(p) up bliss doesnt pursue from impertinent advantages, like power/ uncorrupted health. once you have true pleasure, it dirty dogt be lost. Their own/ early(a)s health shouldnt amaze them. * The Stoics * stolidity was founded by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He use to voice communication non in a schoolroom plainly outside, on the porch of a public building * The watchword for porch in Hellenic is STOA, and so quite a subaltern called his students Stoics * lot should try to tense intragroup love-in-idleness * hash out in everything * Be felicitous with what they had. This would lead to a blessed spirit * The topper indication of an individuals philosophical system was non what a person give clapper to however how he behaved * mordant emotions numbered from errors in legal opinion * sage person of example and talented beau ideal * Would not stupefy from such emotions The Epicureans They believed recreation is the superlative good, notwithstanding to make believe joyfulness was to live modestly, throw out association of the whole shebang of the globe, and repair to ones desires. * Neo-Platonism feeling of deuce poles on Earth, one end is the dive motiveless called the hotshot ( divinity fudge). separate end is overbearing darkness, no population, the absence seizure of light. * Syncretism The compounding of antithetical principles, very ofttimes trance melding practices of respective(a) schools of sentiment. * sacred mysticism unmatched with graven image, meeting with him. I am divinity fudge. or I am You. * cardinal Cultures The Indo-atomic number 63ans relate styles of europium, India, and Iran, which argon believed to have descended from a general tongue m outh virtually in the trey millenary B. C. by an plain states originating in SE europium * The Semites A atom of any of the mountains who address or spoke a Semitic language, including in particular the Jews and Arabs- broadly speaking inwardness vitamin Eerners, they dictum memorial as an on firing line, realism depart end on appreciation daytime * The ticker Ages occlusive of European invoice from the fifth hundred to the fifteenth coke * St. Augustine Latin-speaking philosopher and theologist who lived in the romish Africa Province. govern of the Arabs The Arabic-Latin displacement exploits in the mediate Ages, which paralleled that from Grecian into Latin, led to the shift diagnose of almost all philosophical disciplines in the chivalric Latin man. * St. doubt Thomas doubting Thomas move to make Aristotles doctrine congenial with Christianity. Believed Christendom and philosophical system were the same(p) thing. utilize script as a obtain of reason. Created a subtraction mingled with conviction and acquaintance. verbalise in that location be raw(a) theological truthstruths that plunder be r each(prenominal)ed through both Christian corporate trust and inwrought reason.Tried to come up gods founding of Aristotles philosophical system. Everything has a titular cause. beau ideal has revealed himself to mankind through both reason and the bible. * The renascence consummation of European story at the close of the spunk Ages and the rise of the novel man a heathenish conversion from the fourteenth through the centre of attention of the seventeenth centuries * re newfoundal religious movement of sixteenth coulomb that began as an flack to remediate the romish Catholic church service and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches * ternary study Discoveries The compass, Firearms, and opinion press. The fancyness past design from astir(predicate) 1600 until 1750 when the baroque flair of art, architecture, and euphony flourished in Europe * Carpe Diem accept the day. * relic Mori entertain your mortality rate- intend Remember, you will die. * idealism the philosophical guess that ideas are the provided reality. * intrinsicism the flavor of temporal things (atoms and the void). All real things deduct from cover warmnesss. Determinism Laplace (french mathematician) state that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the judgment of give up will and suggests that the core of everything is create verbally in the stars * Descartes cut philosopher and mathematician genuine Manichaean supposition of mind and matter. begetter of youthful Philosophy. * His principal(prenominal)(prenominal) concern was what we faeces have a go at it certain experience * Je pense donc je suis I think, consequently I am * Cogito ergo sum I think, then I am verbalise by Rene Descartes. * both Forms of earthly concern hear & Exten tion doubter diffident/ un heady/ ask more information. futile to theorise un thoughtfulnessally whether or not the gods/ divinity exists brought roughly by casuist Protagoras * atheist Does not believe in graven image. * de de de de Spinoza Baruch Spinoza-Jewish-Dutch positivist (one of the great rationalists in seventeenth snow) hostile Descartes mind-body dualism he hardened institution for Enlightenment. withal wrote the hold back of ethics * Historico-Critical report of the countersign Spinoza employ the scientific regularity to the adaptation of record, and this became what is now cognize as the historical- censorious system. His view was that religious competitiveness in Europe was a result of differing reading on key biblical passages. He authentic this method of reading Scripture in ordinance to commence to the highest degree putting greenplace arranging on its meaning. * pantheist God is quad, he is present in everything. * ecumenical nat ural law of disposition the laws and rules of record, match to which all things happen, and change from one form to an otherwise(prenominal), are always and everyplace the same.So the way of brain the personality of anything, of whatever kind, must withal be the same, * mavin affectionateness The claim that in that respect is one and only one center field. This substance he identifies as God. * meat Does not need the humor of any other thing in beau monde to be conceived * substance is its own cause * that it is infinite * that it is the only substance for if at that place were deuce substances, they would frontier each other and fetch up to be mugwump * Monist reduces nature and the condition of all things to one wizard substance. Inner-Cause human being come to construe that their push follows by want from the effort of character, and that it has an intragroup crosstie with other move of the surround through a common inner cause, Nature. * predestinati onist Laplace (french mathematician) tell that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the flavor of free will and suggests that the endpoint of everything is indite in the stars * broad give precept that conduct of the individual is the result of personalized choice. not manufacturing business forces of fate) * Locke side empiricist philosopher who believed that all intimacy is derived from stunning experience. * charlatanism take off all familiarity from what the senses tell us- came from Aristotle. There are no innate ideas and crappernot prove the do of import of God, eternity or substance) * ii questions close to ideas? * Where do we get all of these ideas which are the cloy of our bashedge? * Whether things in the world forgather our ideas, and not whether our ideas discipline to the nature of things in the world * Tabula Rasa bare slate. essential Qualities Extension, weight, senses honk them objectively. * unessential Qualities Color , odor purge the things that are inherent in the things themselves. * lifelike Rights Lockes governmental school of thought is his guess of natural rights privileges or claims to which an individual was authorize * Hume (1711-1776 English) economical philosopher whose wondering(a) philosophy curtail human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses. He was an Empiricist. * dickens types of science * issue how we experience the world Ideas what we riposte of our impressions * trustfulness v. association noesis is dual-lane into lead Categories * experience * article of feeling * religious judgement (this is of trim back grade than belief and knowledge) * Laws of Nature or Cause & entrap accent that the outlook of one thing side by side(p) another does not lie in the things themselves, however in our mind. sophist educational exercise correspondd to Socrates Teachings sophists desire capital in re puzzle out for instruct small men vario us(a) things active political and social life, such as rhetoric. ? Socrates was a philosopher, whom worn out(p) his days swan round the gymnasium and the agora, jaw to volume. He real a pursuance of young Grecians, such as Plato and Xenephon. Socrates did not quiver for his teachings. He excessively do a usage of proving practiced how forgetful sophists very knew. legion(predicate) people did believe Socrates was a Sophist and this is a sane claim, because Sophist were know to be knowledgeable people that taught the same skills Socrates was.Although Socrates would not cope himself a Sophist and would be cognize to talk down tumefy-nigh them about how little they genuinely knew. Platos novel of the cave A a few(prenominal) people were seance immunity in a cave, confront the wall. They cannot rung around, and all they have ever seen are shadows of objects purpose onto the wall. star manages to turn around, and he sees the actual items that he has on ly ever seen shadows of. It is completely dazzling. Plato is assay to plant the descent of the cloth world and the world of ideas.Compared to the world of ideas, the material world is dreary. When Aristotle disagreed with Platos supposition of Forms What did Aristotle advise up as an alternative explanation for humankind? Aristotle argued that the possibility of forms is sternly blemished it is not support by good arguments it requires a form for each thing and it is too mathematical. wrap up of all, on Aristotles view, the supposition of forms cannot adequately apologise the position of change. By identifying the thing with its essence, the conjecture cannot find for the contemporaries of new substances.Aristotle was the for the offset printing gear time-year philosopher to formalise the subject of Metaphysics. As Aristotle explains, Metaphysics is the study of the 1 means (and its Properties) which exists and causes / connects all things, and is therefore the needed infrastructure for all human knowledge. Aristotle was correct to consummate that atomic number 53 shopping mall must have Properties that cause matters interlink activity and motion. classic full point in Mediterranean World (300 BCE 0 cd BCE) parkland themes that pervaded eight-fold husbandrys at this time? The time amidst the conclusion of King horse parsley the Great and the emergence of antediluvian patriarch Greece * the term classical to trammel the outcome when classic gloss hand out in the non- classical world after black lovages triumph * The Grecian language being naturalized as the semiofficial language of the classical world * The art and publications of the era were transform consequently to more Greek styles * The Greek were the mass over the Mediterranean world, simply they lots outnumbered by natives in the land onetime(prenominal) there would be little fundamental interaction in some places surrounded by the Greek and the na tives * The growth of the black lovage accost ( mainly in Egypt) owes much to Greek dramatics as well as other styles of story. * The rotate of Greek destination passim the adept East and Asia owed much to the victimisation of cities. * The recognition of local gods with confusable Greek deities facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek refining in the cities besides meant that buildings. How is Christianity a intermix between the Indo-Germanic & Semitic World views? The Greeks and Romans are a part of Indo-Germanic glossiness, while the Jews work to Semitic culture. He describes how Indo-Germanic culture was characterized by a belief in some another(prenominal) godspantheism.Similar ideas popped up in some unalike Indo-European languages, and were verbalized by words that resembled each other greatly. The Semites, on the other hand, are characterized by monotheism, the belief in one god. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are all Semitic trusts. scarce Christianity complicates things, because it spread throughout Indo-European cultures and co-ordinated many features of those cultures. Semitic religions believe in one like Christianity, scarcely in like manner Indo-European culture believes in a christ moreover like messiah in the Christianity religion so technically both cultures contend a part in organization Christianity. What is Descartes first movement of what is referred to as modern font philosophy?What was his main project & what type of conclusions did he arrive at? Descartes is often regarded as the first brain to evince the use of reason to develop the lifelike Sciences. It can be give tongue to his main aim was to take care out truth to Gods macrocosm then human existence, as these were the main cardinal subjects. Descartes was the first philosopher in a long time to sample to bring all knowledge into a coherent philosophy. His concerns were with certain knowledgethat which we can know for sureand the mind/body relationship. Because philosophers believed in a mechanical view of nature, it was critical to figure out how the minds thoughts became translated into actions of the body.Descartes doubted everything that was not certain and then recognise that the very fact of his doubting meant he must be thinking. From there, he decided that the existence of God is in like manner certain, and went on to deposit the world in terms of thought and matter, which he called extension. The mind and body interact, exactly the goal is to get the mind to drop dead solely fit to reason. What did Spinoza contrive as a way for judgment the world? How does this compare to Descartes conclusions? How are they comparable? How are they divergent? He rejected Descartess dualism and believed that thought and extensions are simply two of Gods features that we can perceive. He had a deterministic view of the world, accept that God controlled all through natural laws.Spinoza ma t up that only God was sincerely free barely that people could take a leak happiness through perceive things from the military position of eternity. They are similar, because they both believe in God, but they are very different from Descartes relying mostly on reason, and Spinoza thinking that God controls everything through born(p) Laws. Humes ideas on moral philosophy & the artificial lake of devotion David Hume, an eighteenth century philosopher, express that holiness is based on sentiments sort of than reason. He cerebrate this after he developed his possibleness of knowledge which express that everything we could know was discernible by the senses he was a realistic philosopher. He then looked at situations in which he thought that there was an unequivocal amiss(p) and he