The New Deal and the WJLC Agenda :: United States History Politics New Deal Essays

The sassy Deal and the WJLC Agenda I think that there was a direct line from the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt through and through New York City Mayor John Puroy Mitchel, to Governor Smith, to Governor Roosevelt, to President Roosevelt, to the national scene . . . . Its all in one episode.-Frances Perkins. INTRODUCTIONBy April 1933, when Governor Herbert H. Lehman signed the new(a) marginal wage bill for working women, the agenda en itemisationd by the Womens Joint Legislative Conference began to assume national proportions for three reasons. First, the election of New York posit Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt as president in November of 1932 presented an opportunity for progressive-minded reformers. Second, Conference leaders such as Molly Dewson, Frances Perkins, and Rose Schneiderman left the New York scene to pursue a reform agenda in Washington, D.C. Dewson became the head of the Womens Division of the national Democratic Party, while Perkins assumed the position of U .S. Secretary of Labor, the first female locker officer in American history. Schneiderman found herself appointed to the National Recovery Administration (NRA) after Congress created the agency in June 1933. Finally, and most importantly, a unchewable ally helped facilitate the continuation of the Conference agenda. Eleanor Roosevelt, the new First Lady, effectively promoted women in the New Deal. As her biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook shows, Roosevelt worked with Molly Dewson to compile a list of qualified women for federal appointments. By 1935, Cook notes, over fifty women had been appointed to ranking national positions and hundreds to leadership positions in various government agencies on the show and local level. From 1933 through 1938, Frances Perkins, Rose Schneiderman, and Molly Dewson fought to promote a maximum hour/minimum wage agenda on the federal level. Perkins utilized her new cabinet position to gather together old Conference allies into a new coalition that press ured both the White House and the Congress to bunk federal legislation. Schneiderman saw the NRA as a means of advancing the gains made in New York State. Using her connection to Eleanor Roosevelt, the NYWTUL president witnessed mixed results in the skirmish to extend protection to all women workers, regardless of race. Dewson functioned more as a behind-the-scenes facilitator, an activity consistent with her direct connection with the national Democratic Party. working(a) with the First Lady, Dewson placed such protgs as Elinor Morehouse Herrick in important New Deal-related positions. This subtle but effective use of patronage helped the New York State minimum wage bill at a time when the Supreme Court had seemingly nullified the measure in a 1936 case, Morehead v.

Interpretation on Scientific Article about Sense of Smell Essay example

IntroductionThe sense of life is what informs an organism of the chemical composition of their meet environment. The sense of smell is called olfaction and in humans, it is less developed than in most other mammals. The olfactory system of rules contains epithelial cells that are unique because they are capable of regeneration, unlike most other neurons. The sensory receptors for both taste and smell are called chemoreceptors. They are termed chemoreceptors because they respond to chemicals that are in aqueous solution.The olfactory epithelium is what allows us to smell it is located in the roof of the nasal cavity and contains millions of sensory neurons. It is a patch and contains approximately 50 million sensory receptor cells. The receptor cells universe referred to are actually neurons. The olfactory epithelium is comprised of three different layers, which include supporting cells, olfactory receptor cells, and basal cells. Supporting cells assistance in the production o f mucous and they support the olfactory receptor cells. The basal cells are at the base of the epithelium and they are the source of newly developed receptors. Tiny hair like structures, called cilia, are found on the olfactory receptors and they are covered with mucous. If molecules entering the nostrils dissolve in the mucous, they stimulate the receptors and the sense of smell is evoked. The substances that can be smelled have to be able to evaporate at normal temperatures and should be fairly water soluble so they can header through the mucous. The molecules should also be lipid soluble because the cilia are composed of lipids. A mature sensory neuron is a bipolar neuron, meaning it has 2 poles, or ends. The neuron receives signals through a branch known as a dendri... ... but quite possibly most important, much research is being conducted involving the degeneration of the olfactory system. One of the first signs of Alzheimers disease is the loss of smell. By understanding th e plasticity of the receptors in the olfactory system, there may be a way to further understand why degeneration takes place and how it could be treated.The future of this science is far reaching and combined with gene expression, it will live on a heated topic. There are exciting discoveries taking place, such as the odorant receptors in sperm and even products in the material world. The olfactory system should provide a long future of discoveries due to the intricacies of its circuitry and the vast network it encompasses. ReferencesMomberts. Nature. Putting Smell on the Map. Volume 419. pg. 296-300. 19 Sept. 2002. 2002 Nature make Group.

Death in Emily Dickenson Essay -- essays papers

Death in Emily Dickenson With the thought of death, many people become terrified as if it were some instrument lurking behind a door ready to capture them at any moment. Unlike many, Emily Dickinson was infatuated with death and sought after it only to try and suffice answer the many questions which she pondered so often. Her poetry best illustrates the answers as to why she wrote about it constantly. She explains her reason for writing poetry, I had a terror I could furcate to none-and so I sing, as the Boy does by the Burying Ground-because I am afraid.(Johnson xxiii). There is no doubt that Emily Dickinson is frightened of death and the unknown life sentence after it. To release her fears, she simply sings her song in poetry. Still, little is known to why she truly wrote of death and life after death yet it is ostensible that many have tried to explore the subject at hand.Growing up in the 1830s, Emily Dickinson spent nearly her entire life in the Amherst, Massachuse tts, family line were she composed many of the unforgettable poetry she is famous for today. Dickinson, often labeled as the Virginal nun of Amherst, has been said to be anything but a marrow recluse (Conarro 71). She spent her time reading influential books and magazines such as the Springfield, Massachusetts Republican, the Bible, George Eliot, Keats, Emerson, Sir doubting Thomas Brown, and especially Shakespeare. Emily Dickinson also spent numerous hours tending to her tend and relishing the intimacy of long-distance relationships (Conarro 71-2). One such relationship was a preacher named Wadsworth, whom she loved dearly. Johnson points out the reason for her act of seclusion was t... ... The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985.Capps, diddlyshit L. Wmily Dickinsons Reading, 1836-1886. Cambridge, Massachusetts The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966.Connarroe, Joel. Six American Poets. New York Random House, 1991.Ferlazza, Paul J.Critical Essay s on Emily Dickinson. Boston Massachusetts, G.K.Hall & Co., 1984.Ford, T.W. Heaven Beguiles the Tired. Alabama University of Alabama Press, 1968.Lucas, D.D. Emily Dickinson and Riddle. Illinois Northern Illinois University Press, 1969.Johnson, Thomas H. The Poems of Emily Dickinson. Massachusetts The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1968.Keller, Karl. The Only Kangoroo Among the Beauty. Maryland The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.Rutledge, David. Dickinsons- I Know That He Exists The Explicator winter 1994 83-84.

john keats :: essays research papers

sewers mother took her husbands death very hard. She could no nightlong run the stable business that her husband ran for so many years. With these facts in place, Frances then looks to remarry to help run the business. Barely two months after her husbands death, she remarried a minor bank clerk named William Rawlings on June 27, 1804. William was a fortune hunter and the children did not like him at all. Mr. Rawlings did not care some anything but silver during their marriage, which made the marriage an indefinite disaster. Upon the end of their ill-fated marriage John, along with his other siblings were sent to live with their grand parents, months later Frances moved in as well as. Frances also left Mr. Rawlings with the stables she inherited from her late husband Thomas, and from that day forward Frances health began to dwindle away.The times up until know have been very hard on the Keats family, especially hard on the children, they only get worse as time goes on. The child ren loved being around their grandparents and living with them, they cared very deeply about them. On March 8, 1805, John Keats grandfather died of natural causes. With his death not only did grief and sorrow fill the families heart his death also brought on a financial burden, which will seem to consume John for the rest of his life.This issue of money all began when Mr. Jennings, being the gullible person he was, chartered a land surveyor, not a lawyer to write his will. The sneaky land developer intentionally made Johns grandfathers will to be passing vague and ill written. Mr. Jennings real wishes were obscured and open to interpretation. The fight over shares in the estate began shortly after his death (and ended long after John Keats death).

Social Control Essay -- Sociology, Crime

Society is possible through favorable subordination. Without social control society would be left in anarchy. Social control is the concerted efforts to exituce and direct the conduct of people by inducing conformity and preventing non conformity (Welch, Lecture, 2011).Social control is any action, either deliberate of unconscious, that influences conduct toward conformity, whether or not the person being influenced are aware of the process (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Social control aims at creating a peaceful coexistence that allows society to live in a foreseeable manner. To the degree that members of a society abide by group rules and expectations, they will be able to know with some degree of certainty what others will do in a variety of situations (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Society could not function with out a large amount of predictability. For example, drivers know not to drive through red lights because they have been socialized to understand the consequences of doing so. This allows the drivers crossing through the green light to predictable know that they can do so safely. To ensure predictability, social control also works to minimize non-conformity and deviance. Non-conformity challenges societys sense of safety, security, propriety, and freedom (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Social control is exerted through formal social control and informal social control. Formal social control is efforts by official agencies, acting in their designated capacity, to constrain and direct the conduct of people (Welch, Lecture, 2011). Formal social control uses systematize rules and regulations, or laws, which are punishable if violated. The criminal justness system uses formal social control in its practice. When individuals vi... ...ast as they could. If the police were more concerned with defend Rons due process rights, Ron would have been protected from such an overzealous investigation and prosecution. Due process is the equal treatment before the law the fundamental mandate that criminal proceedings, from police to corrections, follow established rules or principles, that similar cases be handled in a similar fashion, and that a no person shall be adjudicated guilty without sufficient safeguards against state power (Welch, Lecture, 2011). If Rons investigation and trial took the time to ensure that his rights were not being violated, and also werent tainted by police malpractice, Ron wouldnt have been convicted of a crime he didnt commit. An innocent man was put through a corrupt criminal justice system, and almost died because his due process rights were violated.

Social Control Essay -- Sociology, Crime

Society is possible through mixer control. Without social control company would be left in anarchy. cordial control is the concerted efforts to tighten up and direct the conduct of people by inducing conformity and preventing non conformity (Welch, Lecture, 2011). brotherly control is any action, either deliberate of unconscious, that influences conduct toward conformity, whether or not the person being influenced are aware of the process (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Social control aims at creating a peaceful coexistence that allows society to live in a sure manner. To the degree that members of a society abide by group rules and expectations, they will be able to know with some degree of certainty what others will do in a variety of situations (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Society could not function with out a large amount of predictability. For example, drivers know not to drive through red lights because they have been socialized to understand the consequences of doing so. This allows the drivers crossing through the green light to predictable know that they can do so safely. To ensure predictability, social control also works to minimize non-conformity and deviance. Non-conformity challenges societys sense of safety, security, propriety, and freedom (Hemmens, Walsh, 2011, p.224). Social control is exerted through formal social control and informal social control. Formal social control is efforts by official agencies, acting in their designated capacity, to constrain and direct the conduct of people (Welch, Lecture, 2011). Formal social control uses codified rules and regulations, or laws, which are punishable if violated. The criminal justice system uses formal social control in its practice. When individuals vi... ...ast as they could. If the police were more concerned with protecting Rons due process rights, Ron would have been protected from such an overzealous investigation and prosecution. Due process is the equal treatment before the law the constitutional mandate that criminal proceedings, from police to corrections, follow established rules or principles, that similar cases be handled in a similar fashion, and that a no person shall be adjudicated guilty without sufficient safeguards against state power (Welch, Lecture, 2011). If Rons investigation and trial took the measure to ensure that his rights were not being violated, and also werent tainted by police malpractice, Ron wouldnt have been convicted of a crime he didnt commit. An transparent man was put through a corrupt criminal justice system, and almost died because his due process rights were violated.

Communication Problems Between Teenagers And Adults Essay

From the beginning of time teens and adults concur always had conflicts with each different. These conflicts occur most of the time because of the need of communication between the teenager and the adult. The generation gap between the teenager and the adult can play a role in the problems they dumbfound communicating. The fantabulous adult has the instinct that whatever the inferior teenager does can lead to bad things, and lectures the teenager about it. Most of the time teenagers have many other sources of advice they can listen to, and it seems that the adult can become the last resort or not a resort at all. The generation gap, the feeling of beingness inferior and superior, and the other sources of advice can play a big part in the problems teenagers and adults have communicating. Both parties have an equal role in communicating with each other. But the choice comes down to the two willing to take that particular role.The generation gap between teenagers and adults plays a immense part in why they have problems communicating with each other. The adult who had a very different lifestyle and childhood then that of a teenager may have a different believe on life. Things unheard of years ago to the adults can now have rational reasoning through the advance of technology. For a teenager to talk to an adult, on a subject that the adult has no idea on can almost become impossible. Still living in the last decade, adults may not correspond with the thinking of todays youthful teenagers. The age difference between the teenager and the adult plays a huge role in the game of communicating between the two.The superior adult has always had the impulse to contradict the ideas of the inferior teenager, and lecture the teenager on the teenagers wrongful ways. The more mature adult thinks that he or she has more knowledge than the younger teenager and sees that the teenager may benefit from the lecture. This gives a feeling of uneasiness in the teenager and make s them very irritable. Many verbal conflicts have aroused after the adult has given his or her point of view in the lecture. The adult often times makes the teenager feel inferior to him or her in the lectures. The teenager feeling inferior, who has a lot on his mind, may not express what he or she reallyfeels to the adult. This state of feeling inferior and superior between the teenager and adult does not help crystalize the problems they have communicating.Teenagers talk to so many friends about things they have in common with, it makes talking to an adult like taking to a person on the other side of the planet. Teenagers have so many other options on expressing what they think, that it seems very difficult talking to an adult. The teenager could always first go to a close friend of theirs if they had something on their mind. Teenagers going to adults for help can lead to more problems because the two may not agree on the same thing. This modelling goes the same way with an adul t. If an adult has something on his or her mind and has to express it some way, he or she will go to another(prenominal) adult who would have the same ideas on it. The lack of respect they have for one another can explain the problems they have in communication.Problems and conflicts occur all the time among teenagers and adults. The overleap of communication can sometimes become the hardest obstacle teenagers and adults have to overcome. The trouble of the two communicating can lead to a very tough kin or lead to no relationship at all between the two. The two must try to have better communication with one another if they want to improve the relationship between them. The leading responsibility for this problem can have something to do with the generation gap of the two, the feeling of inferior and superior, and the capacious sources of advice. One person cannot fight the communication battle alone. With the help of two sides this war on communication can lead to a victory for both teenagers and adults.

Psychiatry and control of human behavior Essay

I.In order to create such(prenominal)(prenominal) a resolution and usually to resolve an ethical dilemma confines use four fundamental frequency ethical conventions of breast feeding trouble and practice, which are considered by m both experts as a cornerstone of ethical guidelines.AutonomyThe first one is liberty. This normal nitty-gritty that individuals have a right to self-determination, that is, to make decisions about their lives without interference from others (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). It is also possible to define empirically that autonomy consists of two elements data acquired or proposed as a presupposition and reaching the decision as the action.BeneficenceThe second is beneficence. This rule is thought to be a basis of day-to-day nursing care and practice. The article of faith of beneficence and utilitarianism direct health care professionals to make an ethical decision to provide the maximum benefit and to minimize harm to the greatest number of bat talion involved (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4).Beauchamp and Childress (1994, p. 192) state that Each of triplet forms of beneficence requires fetching action by helping preventing harm, removing harm and promoting good. (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). This ethical principle whitethorn cause some ethical questions when a dilemma regarding carry throughing of a mentally palsied uncomplainings wishes appears.NonmaleficenceThe third fundamental ethical principle is nonmaleficence or do no harm, which is easily connected with the obligation of a nurse to defend safe keeping of the mentally ill unhurried. born(p) out of the Hippocratic Oath, this principle dictates that we do not cause injury to our mentally ill affected roles (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 6).JusticeThe fourth basic ethical principle is justice. This principle implies giving each person or group what he/she or they are due (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 7). This principle applies to parity, integrity or another point that whitethorn be fundamental for the justice decision. In nursing care and practice the principle of justice usually centered on rightful admission to nursing care and on rightful allocation of scarce resource.Rightful admission to the care means that nurses are easy of access to provide nursing care and a mentally ill enduring as well as any member of a society realizes that nursing care is completely accessible. The principle of justice guides health care professionals to treat every client with fairness and equity regardless the prognosis of illness, social and economic status of clients, the social and financial consequences impose on others (Wilcockson, M., 1999, p. 21).Though it is necessary to remember what actually has the priority if we will compare it with nurses good, a nurse sometimes mixes up with what the nurse considers to be a mentally ill patients good. It is questionable what composes good for a mentally ill patient witho ut violating his or her autonomy or allowing the mentally ill patient to suffer bitterly. And jakes it be ethical to abolish the choice of the mentally ill patients.For example Beauchamp and Childress (1994, pp. 277-278) maintain that paternalism can obtain two forms a weak and a strong one. They assert that weak form paternalism implies is that a nurse defends the mentally ill patients good when he or she is incapable to resolve some questions as a consequence of tasks like depression or the effect of medicaments. But a strong form of paternalism, they say involves interactions intended to benefit a person despite the fact that the persons risky choices and actions are informed, voluntary, and autonomous (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p.5).II.In the proposed miscue study the old lady didnt write DNR order, thus, the nurse behaved just adequately. She remembered about her duty to a mentally ill patient to preserve her autonomy but it was no possibility for her and fo r her mentally ill patient to identifying and addressing problems in the decision-making process as the lady was too depressed. Her quality of bread and butter sentence was decreasing ad she couldnt live separately but it was still questionable were these reasons adequate enough to make end-of-life decision.On this ground it is necessary to check out the notion of quality of life. This obscure notion implied the situations when decisions cautioning the question of withdrawing nursing care are formed and based on the likely low levels of self-awareness, reasoning, conversation and activity that the mentally ill patient will have and the low probability of improvement (Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M., 2001, p. 44). Usually it is not up to mentally ill patient to make quality-of-life decisions as they are frequently reached by doctors or relatives.In other words quality of life should be determined by mentally ill patients themselves being able to guess it adequately . The unproved understanding of notion is often used in statements like After all, we shouldnt waste any more money on this person because their quality of life will be so low, anyway (Hunt, G., 1994, p. 125)Considering the case study we may that the quality of life of the old lady was not so low as to bring to end-of-life solution. However it was up to the mentally ill patient to decide that problem independently as it was her right to create DNR order but she didnt do it, besides her depressed state and, thus, low self-determination was among the main reasons for reasonable nurses acts.III.If we try to use these four fundamental ethical principles to the case study that was chosen for our investigation beforehand we will be able to evaluate the deeds of nurse from ethical point of view. For example, it is clearly evident that nurse violated the principle of autonomy because autonomy of a mentally ill patient means the opportunity to make decisions about his or her life without int erference of others. If taking into account this principle then it was up to a seventy three year old woman to decide either she needs to obtain emergency CPR or not. This principle was thus violated by the nurse, and the reasons for such behavior are not deciding in this matter.She might have ignored this principle basing on the other principles that prevent a nurse from doing harm, inwardness to rescue the life of her mentally ill patient because human life is valuable and unique. But objet dart the nurse deprived her mentally ill patient of the possibility to choose life or death, the nurse thus made herself responsible for this decision, which is evidently wrong. At least, the nurse should have noted that the mentally ill patient didnt want to be rescued.As for beneficence, we may suppose, on the other hand, that it was a demonstration of weak form of paternalism. In such case the nurse protected the good of a seventy three year old lady as she was incapable to resolve end-of- life questions as a resolving of her depression and decreasing of the quality of her life. Consequently the deeds of the nurse were well-taken and righteous.But the nature of the action is also ambivalent, as the nurse might have been tell by her own notion of good, or the notion that the nurse obtained while studying ethics. The nurse shouldnt have been define independently if the woman was actually unable to make reasonable decisions, the nurse must have at least objectively estimate the problems and conditions of the mentally ill patient that led to such mentally ill patients intention.This thought may also be confirmed and at the same time called in question by the principle of nonmaleficence. The nurse protected the safety of her mentally ill patient, but without mentally ill patients wish. It is questionable, would be the note of DNR be regarded as the injury caused to the mentally ill patient. If the life and conditions of this old woman were so poor, they made her suffer the nurse must have taken it into account while deciding what would be more or less painful for her mentally ill patient. This may be regarded as the intention to take off duty from the nurse.Observing the last principle of ethics, justice, it is necessary to note that this principle was violated by the nurse. Her mentally ill patient was at least due to be heard. Her wishes and demands should have been taken into consideration, moreover, the mentally ill patient did not ask to help her die, and she just wanted to prevent her from suffering in future.Thus taking into consideration these four main principles, the case seems to be contradictory. It seems that the nurse acted basing upon her own notion of what is good, safe and just for her mentally ill patient, without taking into account the demands, wishes, animateness conditions and problems of her mentally ill patient. Of course, definite peculiarities of these principles allow justifying the actions of the nurse, if we look at t he situation form the point of view of value of human life.One more issuance that should be examined is the absence of mentally ill patients order for DNR. This may also be a reason to justify the actions of the nurse. But as soon as the demands was heard by the nurse, the nurse should have defined this problems with the mentally ill patient and helped the woman write a necessary order, if it was her wish.Nurses often cant decide what their actual point of view about some ethical dilemmas is and how far those perceptions go. Anyway nurses should have to do with their own schema of moral values but at the same time to determine whether it fits into the big picture (Stacey, J., 1998, p.8).It is necessary for a nurse to take a annul for the better foreshortening of problems and challenges in the area of care by forming at any rate a bifocal view of the problems (Stacey, J., 1998, p.7)Of course, not all ethical dilemmas concern death. Nurses deal with ethics on every eight-hour shift . for example, the Nursing Code of Ethics says to hold all things confidential, but sometimes there is information others need to know, explains freewoman (cited by Stacey, J., 1998, p.4).However nurses often can appear in the situation of resolving of a complex moral dilemma that regards an appeal for assisted death. This problem is one of the most complicated issues in nursing practice. This question is also a key one in the case study that we have in some way already investigated earlier. Given the poor quality of life that seventy-three years old woman would probable suffer she demanded not to perform any heroic measures in the event of cardiac arrest. So she does not want to live anymore. But when the nurse sees the mentally ill patient near she is being resuscitated as there was no Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) in her notes.Reference ListHunt, G. (1994) Ethical issues in nursing. Routledge.Silva, M. and Ludwick, R (1999a). Ethical Thoughtfulness and Nursing Competency. Onlin e diary of Issues in Nursing, 10 December, 1999. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_2.htm Accessed 17 February 2006Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (1999b). Interstate Nursing Practice and Regulation Ethical Issues for the 21st Century. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 2 July, 1999. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_1.htm Accessed 14 February 2006Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (2002). Ethical Grounding for Entry into Practice Respect, Collaboration, and Accountability. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 30 August, 2002. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_9.htm Accessed 14 February 2006Silva, M. Ludwick, R., (2003) Ethical Challenges in the Care of Elderly Person. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19 December, 2003. Available from http//nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_14.htm Accessed 15 February 2006Stacey J. (1998) A Question of Ethics. Emory Nursing Universityonline. Available from http//www.whsc.e mory.edu/_pubs/en/ Accessed 17 February 2006Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M. (2001) Nursing Ethics. fourth ed. n.p.Wilcockson, M. (1999) Issues of life and death. n.p.

Unmanned Drones: Immoral?

Jordan Morris Dr. Flores Eng 103 February 27, 2013 Unmanned Drones Immoral? I chose to research two articles that take opposing sides on the utilise of tactical unmanned aerial vehicle pokings that are being subprogramd in combat over seas seeing as how there is so much line of reasoning surrounding this topic in the news nowadays. The unmanned aerial vehicle also known as UAV is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs base be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans (www. theuav. com). These unmanned drones are use in the armament for a number of things including intelligence activity gathering and attacks terrorist groups.The first article is the better of the two when it comes to convincing the reviewer. Although fighter planes have the advantage of and experienced pilot behind the wheel, unmanned drones are more accurate, less expensive and safer than fighter planes. The point of the first article Five Myths about Obamas Drone War (Wash ington Post) is to convince the reader that it is ok to use drones in combat. He talks about how during wartimes it is crucial for the weaponry to evolve, from slingshots to bow & arrows to guns to fighter planes to unmanned drones.He says, that from a moral and ethical standpoint drones are teeny-weeny to no different than rifles, bombers or tanks. (Washington Post) He also says that drones are some of the most precise weaponry used in combat theses day except doesnt really provide statistics. Drones should non give give us a false sense of security. The intelligence required for targeting may require U. S. boots on the ground. (Washington Post) Drones are much less expensive than fighter aircrafts so it would make sense for a poorer country to invest in building drones instead of fighters. This presents a dilemma for the U. S. ecause we are more prone to attacks, as seen on September 11, 2001. In the first article Mark R. Jacobson lists 5 myths that have been sparked about th e use of these drones, and then explains his view on each one. Jacobson addresss the statement Drones are immoral, which is a great way to start the article seeing as how thats what most people perceive them to be. He says, Drones are neither autonomous killer robots nor sentient beings making life-or-death decisions. Yet, with the Terminator-like connotations of the term, it is easy to eat up that these vehicles are flown via remote control by some 1,300 Air Force pilots.Drones are an evolution in military technology, not a revolution in warfare. This statement is a prime example of Logos, the appeal to logic, because he takes a very straightforward approach to the topic at hand. He then goes on to use Ethos when addressing the statement, Drones allow us to fight wars without danger. Jacobson states that, Drones should not give a false sense of security. The intelligence required for targeting may require U. S. boot on the ground. This characterizes the idea of a community still being needed to gain information and do some dirty work for there to even be the need for a drone strike.In the second article Drone Strikes Whats the Law? (LA Times) germ Vicki Divoll discusses the execution of U. S. citizen Anwar Awlaki by our government in a drone attack. Her article deals with the 5th Amendments admonition No American citizen shall be deprived of life, liberty or the property without due process of law. Her style of written material is more like the Tolmin Model of Argument. This article had much more emotion involved which made the reader a lot more engaged in what the author was talking about.Instead of writing in a way that might focus purely on the different types of appeals, the second article is written in a way that focuses more on an initial claim that is coverted by support evidence. In addition, the author mentions Awlakis story, which provides an emotional involvement for the reader to remain engaged. The authors claim in the second article is that American citizens should be entitled to their constitutional rights. Her story about how Anwar Awlaki, an American citizen, was reportedly targeted and killed demonstrates the fact that not every citizen is being treated equally.She goes on to provide support for her claim by discussing, the controlling lawcourt case Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld, a 2004 Bush-era Supreme Court decision, to justify that the government believes that there are no due process problems with the drone program. But the memo writers make an inexcusable mistake They cherry-pick the decision, no matter the heart of what the justices said. In the case she mentions, Yasir Hamdi, a U. S. citizen arrested on the battlefield in Afghanistan, set out to challenge his indefinite detention in an American military facility as an enemy combatant.The administration at the time argued that, in wartime, the administrator alone should determine who the enemy is and what measure can to be used against him. The court disagree d and sent Hamdis case to a lower court for a review of factual accuracy of his enemy combatant designation. This review neer happened and Hamdi was deported. The Supreme Courts reasoning in Hamdi remains the most applicable legal example that applies to targeted killings. Divoll writes, Significantly, eight of the nine justices agreed that Hamdi was entitled to an impartial review, outside the executive branch, of the facts of the case.Only Justice Clarence Thomas bought the Bush administrations theory of executive power. Justice Sandra Day OConnor, writing the principal opinion, reminded us of the courts decades-long admonition A state of war is not a blank check for the president when it comes to the rights of the nations citizens. OConnor further explained how the due process clause operates in wartime when the executive branch is making a determination about the fate of an American citizen. Hamdis interest in liberty, she wrote, must be balanced against the needs of the execu tive in fighting a war.You dont need a law degree to apply that reasoning to targeted killings. If the executive cannot act alone when an Americans liberty is at stake in the post-9/11 War on Terrorism, the Supreme Court would be at least as concerned when an Americans life is on the line. The court has always ruled that the more crucial the individual interest at stake, the more process is due. All this is a great source of support for Divolls claim. The second article had much more factual evidence to back up the authors initial claim and yet still provided a sense of emotion to keep the reader interested.The two stories provided by Divoll were perfect tense examples in which the author could refer to and point out the flaws in our system. Although she doesnt come right out and blatantly state it, I believe that the author would agree in my previous statement that it is ok to use unmanned tactical drones on American citizens only if they have refused to exercise their right to d ue process. Work Cited Page 1. http//www. theuav. com/ 2. http//articles. washingtonpost. com/2013-02-08/opinions/36988550_1_drone-strikes-drone-pilots-civilian-casualties (Washington Post) 3.

India and women Essay

INDIA and WOMENWomen em male monarchment is a moot subject. At earlier times, women got unprejudiced status with men. But the post-Vedic time was a difficult fulfilment when many an(prenominal) were treated as slaves, a commodity earned by the man, a mode of produce kids. From the early twentieth century (national movement) their statuses have been easy and gradually undergone changes. In this regard, we may mention the name of the English people. After then, independence of India, the constitutional makers and national leaders strongly emphasized on tinge social position of women with men. Today, we have seen the women occupying the respectable positions in all walks of the sphere. Yet, they be not absolutely free from discrimination and harassment of the society. A hardly a(prenominal) consequence of women have been able to establish their potentialities. Therefore, each and every one should be c arful to promote the status of women. Women constitute approximately 50% of th e worlds population, but India has shown disproportionate sex ratio whereby females population has been comparatively less than that of males.As far as their social status is c formerlyrned, they are not treated as fitted to men in all the places. In the Western societies, the women have got equal right and status with men in all walks of life. But gender disabilities and discriminations are found in India even today. The paradoxical situation is much(prenominal) that, she is sometimes portrayed as a Goddess and at other times merely as slave. It is now that the women in India enjoy a solitary status of equality with the men as per constitutional and sanctioned provision. But the Indian women have come a long way to achieve the present positions. First, gender inequality in India buns be traced hindquarters to the historic days of the sacred Sanskrit poem, Mahabharata, when Draupadi was put on the dice by her husband as a commodity. History is a witness that women were made to saltation both in private and public places to please the men. Secondly, in Indian society, a female was always dependent on male members of the family until a few years ago. Thirdly, a female was not allowed to speak in a loud voice in the presence of elder members of her in-laws or move most without covering her head and in some cases, the face in the presence of other elder or male members of the family.In the family, every faults had gone to her and responsible. Fourth, as a widow her dependence on the male members of the family increased but that was better than performing sati where the widowwas burned alive during the cremation of her dead husband. In many social activities, she was not permitted to meet with other members of the family. A woman whether a widow or not had very little share in political, social and economic life of the society and had to vote for the party the family supports, even if she had her views against it. The early twenty century was rise of the st udy Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who was in favor of removing all the chains tied to a woman. At the same time, Raja Ram Mohan Rai, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and various other social reformers laid stress on womens education, prevention of child marriage, withdrawals of evil practice of sati, removal of polygamy etc. The National Movement and various reform movements paved the way for their liberations from the social evils and spiritual taboos. After independence of India, the constitution makers and the national leaders recognized the equal social position of women with men.The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has determined the age for marriage, provided for monogamy and holding of the mother and permitted the dissolution of marriage under specific circumstances. Under the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, an unmarried women, widow or divorce of sound mind can also take child in adoption. Similarly, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 says that any person who g ives, takes, or abets the giving or taking of dowry shall be punished with imprisonment, or fine or with both. The Constitution of India guarantees equality of sexes and in fact grants special favors to women. These can be found in three articles of the constitution. denomination 14 says that the disposal shall not deny to any person equality before law or equal protection of the law. Article 15 declares that government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of sex. Article 15 (3) makes a special provision enabling the state to make affirmative discriminations in favor of women. Article 42 directs the state to make provision for ensuring just and human conditions of work and maternity relief. Above all, the constitution regards a fundamental avocation on every citizen through Articles 15 (A), (E) to renounce the practices derogatory to the dignity of women. The concept of empowerment flows from the power. It is vesting where it does not exist or exist inadequate ly.Empowerment of women would smashed equipping women to be economically independent, self-reliant, have positive esteem to enable them to face any difficult situation and they should be able to participate in developmentactivities. The empowered women should be able to participate in the process of decision making. The government of India has ratified various international conventions and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights to women. These are CEDAW (1993), the Mexico Plan of Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (985), the Beijing Declaration as well as the platform for Action (1995) and other such instruments. The year of 2001 was observed as the year of womens empowerment. During the year, a landmark document has been adopted, the National Policy for the empowerment of women. For the beneficiaries of the women, the government has been adopted different schemes and programs i.e. the National Credit Fund for Women (1993), Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), Information and Mass Education (IMF) etc.But is all this truly working is what everyone wants to know. Are women actually empowered ? Or is all this only in papers and even in the 21st century women panic leaving their houses alone? Do they fear wearing clothes they want to wear ? Well I feel that the answer to this is a big YES. In the 21st century, where India is an emerging super power the women are not confident that they will return home safely. But why is it so? Some say that because boys are boys and they can do whatever they want to or maybe because the kind of clothes a woman wears instigates men to look at her with those greedy eyes and lay their dirty detainment on her? Well NO Did that women in a burqa who was raped while going back home in her own car hasten anybody? Or the 5 year old girl who was studying in school provoke her teacher? But boys will be boys who make mistakes.For once forget about the boys, they will defend themselves but when the he ad of the Mahila Vibhaag (womens association) says that the mistake lies in the girls, dont you believe it? I dont. I think it is time for every girl to take a stand for herself and for every other girl in this world because it is not just India where women are not treated equally, a study conducted in the US in 2012 says that about 14% of women who were fired from their jobs was because the boss wanted something more than a prevalent boss and employ relationship. Also a study conducted in London in 1998 says that about 33% of divorces happen because the man is not willing to allow the wife go out for a job or to pick up the kids because she might just have an affair.Its also time for every parent stop telling their daughters to wear longer dresses and tell their sons to respect girlsbecause nobody should be judged by the way they dress. It is said that if a man is amend he will earn bread for the entire family but if a woman is educated then she will make sure that the entire fa mily is educated. To nitty-gritty up, women empowerment cannot be possible unless women come with and help to self-empower themselves. There is a need to formulate reducing feminized poverty, promoting education of women, and prevention and elimination of violence against women.

Independent and depentent variables of psychology Essay

* freelancer variable The variable that is manipulated to foot race its effects on the dependent variable. * unfree variable The variable that is metrical to see how it is changed by manipulations in the independent variable.Scenarios1 Coach Jones has noticed that her players tend to shoot a higher percentage from the free throw reap when they play away, rather than at home. Surprised at this trend, she and her assistants decide to test this by comparing free-throw percentages over the course of a year.a Independent variable- contend at away vs. homeb underage variable- Free throws2 Mr. Feldman has noticed the students in his high school Biology class tend to do better on tests taken on Friday, rather than tests taken on Monday. He decides to test the hypotheses.a Independent variable- Testing dateb qualified variable- Testing scores3 John, Wendy, and Sean, all avid fishermen, have noticed that they always seem to catch more fish when it is raining outside. They decide to t est the hypotheses.a Independent variable-The rainy weatherb Dependent variable- The chance of catching more fish4 Tony has designed a study to sterilize if alcohol really inhibits ones ability to drive a car.a Independent variable- Alcoholb Dependent variable- Ability to drive5 Does eating spinach really make you stronger?a Independent variable Spinachb Dependent variable- Strength6 Does staying physically fit gain your chances of living longer?a Independent variable- Fitness.b Dependent variable- Longer life.7 Does taking classes in college really make you smarter?a Independent variable- Collegeb Dependent variable- Intelligence8 Is it true that animals that listen to classical music make happier pets?a Independent variable- Classical musicb Dependent variable- elated pets9 Hypothesis The taller a person is, the more likely they are to enjoy chocolate ice cream.a Independent variable- Being Tallb Dependent variable- Chocolate ice cream.10 Hypothesis The more a student attends class, the better they do on exam grades.a Independent variable- attendingb Dependent variable- Higher exam score11 Does peer pressure negatively affect teenagers attendance in school?a Independent variable- Peer pressureb Dependent variable- Poor attendance12. A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous.a.Independent variable- Consuming chocolatec Dependent variable- Nervousness13. A researcher wants to know whether feeling nervous makes people eat chocolate.a. Independent variable- Nervousnessb. Dependent variable- Consuming chocolate14. prof Marshall wants to know if eating sweets for a bedtime snack makes children active.a. Independent variable- Sweetsb. Dependent variable- More active at bedtime15. A researcher plans to investigate whether a instill of hot milk at night helps people relax so that they fall asleep quickly.a. Independent variable- Cup of hot milkb Dependent variable- relax and sleepiness16. Gabrielle conducted a small experiment exa mining the effects of music on time perception. She had three root words of subjects. Group 1 was exposed to classical music, group 2 was exposed to contemporary rock and the third group received no music.a. Independent variable- Music i.e. classical & contemporary rock & silence b. Dependent variable- Perception of time.17 A study was done on the effects of punishment on self-esteem.a. Independent variable-Punishmentb. Dependent variable- Self-esteem

Impact of Electronic Banking System Essay

1.0Background of the StudyThe forward-looking millennium brought with it new possibilities in term of reflect coming and availability, simultaneously, introducing new ch totallyenges in showing sensitive information from both(prenominal) eyes, whiles making it avail adequate to(p) to early(a)s. Todays disdain environment is extremely dynamic and experience rapid changes as a result of expert changement, increased aw beness and demands edges to serve their clients electronically. chamfer crap traditionally been in the forefront of harnessing engineering to improve their harvest-tides and serving. The b ensnareing industry of the twenty-first century operates in a complex and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable sparing climate. Information and communication Technology (ICT) is at the centre of this world(a) change curve of electronic deponeing dust in Nigeria today (Stevens 2002). Assert that they sacrifice oer the times been using electronic and telecoms payworks for delivering a side range of harbor added products and services, managers in shoreing industry in Nigeria cannot ignore information transcription beca recitation they play a critical tint in true entrusting system, they point unwrap that the entire cash flow of intimately batch beach atomic number 18 linked to information system. The finish of information and communication technology concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to Banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all Banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and spheric competitiveness Banking. The ad in Technology has played on important role in improving service livery standards in the Banking industry. In its simplest form. Automated Teller tool (ATM) and deposit machines instantly allow consumer carry out jargoning transactions beyond swearing hours. With online with margeing individual can dear stop their depict balances and make defrayments without having to go to the bank hall. This is in stages creating a cashless society where ADOPTION OF NEW NOMENCIATUREFollowing the impressive surgical operation of the subsidiaries, a management retreat was held in February, 2009 where it was see to itd that harmony Bank and its ingathering of subsidiaries be adopt an intergrated Group Structure. wherefore, unity Bank Plc and its subsidiaries result adopt a new nomenclaturethat complicates Group. This is now UNITY BANK convocation. The members of this Group includeSUBSIDIARIES(1) congruity Capital Trust Limited(2) Caranda Management Services LTD(3) Consumers no longer take a leak to pay for all their grease ones palms with hand cash. For example1 Bank customer can pay for airline circumventers and subscribe to initial public claimings by switchring the bullion directly from their delineates, or pay for various goods and services by electronics exaltation of credence to the sellers reckon. As most people introduced mobile banking to cater for customers who are always on the move. restless banking allows individual to check their account balances and make fund wobbles using their mobile hollos. This was populated by first Atlantic Bank(now First Inland Bank) with with(predicate) its flair me cash product customers can overly recharge their mobile phones Via Sms. E- Banking has made banking transaction easier around the world and it is fast gaining word sense in Nigeria. The delivery bring today in Nigeria electronic Banking are quite numerous as it is mentioned Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), point of sales (POS), Telephone Banking tonic separate network Banking etc personal computers in the Banking industry was first introduced into Nigeria by Society General Bank as the popular PC swooning addition to the meshwork and world wide sack up (WWW) and net is increasingly used by Banks as a channel of delivering the pro ducts and services to the numerous customers. around almost all Banks in Nigeria have a web presence this form of Banking is referred to as network Banking which is publicly part of Electronic Banking. The delivery of products by bank on public do principal(prenominal) is an indication of advertisement which is kn protest as E- Commerce. Electronic commerce on the other hand is a general term for any type of demarcation or commercial transaction, it involve the transfer of information across the internet. E- Commerce involve individuals and business organization exchanging business information and instructions our electronic media using computers, telephones and other communication equipments. This covers a range of different types of business from consumers to retails products. thus outlying(prenominal) Electronic banking as it is a product of E- Commerce in the field of banking and financial services. Its offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheq ue.1.1 Book Recording Stop Payment book of instructions Balance Transfer Instructions, Account Opening and other form of traditional banking services. The internet allows businesses to use information more than efficiency by allowing customers, suppliers, employers and partners to get access to the business information they need when they need it.These internet modifyd services all translate to scale and increased efficiency. E- Banking greatest promise is timelier, more valuable information accessible to more people at sign upd cost of information access with the changes in business operations as a result of the internet era, auspices concern move from computer labs to the front page of publisher. The promise of E- Banking is off driven by the security challenges associated with the disintermediation of info access. One security challenge results from not ill(p) out the middlemen that too often cuts out the information security the middleman provides. Another is the expan sion of the exploiter community from small group of known vetted users accessing information from the intact to thousands of users accessing data from the internet. Application service providers (ASP) and exchanges offer especially stringent and sometimes contradictory requirements of per user and per customer security while allowing secure data sharing among communications of interest. E- Banking depends on providing customers partners and employees with access to information in a way that is controlled and secure. Technology must provide security to assure the challenges encountered by E- Banking. or so all software and hardware ventures claim to build secure products but what assurance does an E- Banking have of a products security? E- Banking want a clear procedure to the conflicting security claims they hear from vendors. How can you be confident well-nigh the security built into a product independent security evaluations against outside(a)ly effected security criteri a provide assurance of vendors security claims.Customer expectation in term of service delivery and other key pointors haveincreased dramatically in recent eld, as a result of the promise and delivery of the internet. Even after athe dot-comcrash these raised expectations lingerThe growth in the application and acceptance of internet driven is more achievable than ever before, however it is also more complex and fraught with potential costs and risk. The internet introduces customers to a new perception of business time as always on available 24/7 and demanding an urgent and rapid responseThe challenges for managers is to reconcile their business and their own personal perceptions of time with perceived reality of internet time. The internet has decisively shifted the balance of power to the customer.The internet is revolutionizing sales techniques and perceptions of leading strike outs and the internet is intensifying contender in all its forms.Banking are continuing to use th e internet to add values for their customers but in order for this to work effectively maximizing opportunities decrease risks and overcoming problems an E- Banking strategy is required as an impact.The growth of the web and internet as new channels the growth in their use by customers and the flows of companies entering the food market presents a series of key challenges to companies. It is easy and cheap to put up a website. But to create an environment delivering effective service on the web to a significant proportion of your customers base requires an E-Banking strategy.Electronics banking offers different online service like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of transitional banking services. 1.2Statement of the ProblemIn Nigeria, Customers of banks today are no longer worried about safety of their property and increased returns on their investments but rather demande fficient fast and convenient service.Customers want a bank that will offers them services that will meet their particular needs (persionalized banking) and support their business goods for instance businessmen want to travel carryout cash for security reason they want to be able to check their balance online find out if a cheque is cleard transfer funds among accounts and even want to drink download transaction record into their own computer at work or home. Customers want a preferential treatment and full attention by their choice bank. All those are merely achievable done electronic bankingIn line with rendering qualities and acceptable services that most bank in Nigeria are gearing toward and investing great sum of money in information and communication technology. Expectedly much(prenominal) banks services have been improved. United Bank for Africa (UBA), Zenith Bank, ( to mention facial expression) are in the forefront in the use of IT in rendering services to their cust omers the Guardian News paper April 18, 200 & 21). It also 12 seeks the challenges involved in electronics banking and best industrial practices and the approach of implementing them in Nigeria system.1.3Objective of the studyThe main objectives of the research work is to examine the impact of electronic banking in Nigeria banking system channels as well as different that could enhance the delivery of consumers and retails products, and also how bank choose to support their electronic banking component services internally, such as internet services provider internet banking software, core banking vendor, managed security services provider, bill payment provider, acknowledgement business and credit scoring companySpecifically the study objective are-1 To evaluate the mindsets electronic Banking in Unity bank plc 2 To evaluate the impact of electronic banking in Unity Bank plc 3 To examine the effect of electronic banking has it improve the fortune of the bank. 1.4Statement of Resea rch QuestionsSince the release by CBN, August 2003 and the subsequent polity on theroad map of electronic banking system in Nigeria One of the question that is shortly being addressed is the impact of electronic banking on the traditional banking player, there are two view that are prevalent in the market. The controversies that the internet is a revolution that will sweap away the orders, argument in are as follow Electronic banking transaction are much cheaper than the branch transactions. Banks are easy to inflexible up with lots of new entrants. Deposits will go elsewhere be induce these banks will have to fight to regain their customer base There would be increase in their cost of funds making businesses less viable. Portal providers are likely to attract the most significant share of banking profits. Traditional banks will find it difficult to evolve they will be unable to obtain additional capital from stock market. E- banking as an evolution than a revolution. 1.5Research HypothesisThe future tense(a) hypothesis are formulated in null form to guide study 1 HO Electronic banking does not have prospect in Unity bank plc HI Electronic banking has prospect in Unity bank plc2 HU Electronic banking has not impact on Unity Banks plc 3 HO2 Electronic baking has impact on Unity bank plcH3 Adoption of electronic banking enhance the fortune of Unity banks pls.4. H4 Electronic banking does not improve bank customers relationship 5.Ho the bank electronic banking guidelines does not comply with the CBN electronic banking guidelines.HU the Bank electronic banking guidelines complies with the CBN electronic bank guidelines. 1.6Significant of the StudyThe study would enable the bank executives and indeed the policy makers of the bank and financial invention to be aware of electronic banking as a product of electronic banking with a view to making strategic decision. The research is equally significant because it would provide answer to electronic banking in Unity bank Plc. 1.7 Scope of the StudyIn sideline of the objective of the study, attention shall be focused on electronic banking among other electronic commerce empirical investigation into the adoption of electronic banking in Nigeria and will also examine the nature of electronic banking operation in Unity Bank Plc from 2007 to 2009,.1.8Limitation of the StudyIn view of the technicalities involved. It would be unrealistic to assume that all necessary facts have been gathered in the exhibit of the study information gathered is limited to those accesses and made available by the answerings and those gathered from end users However the impacts of this limitation will be reduced to the barest minimum. 1.9Definition of Related Team1.Access product product that5 allow consumers to traditional payment instrument electronically, generally from remote locations. 2.ATM post-horse UB debit card is a chip device consisting of circuit element on single silicon chipThe card a complex circuits that process micro processor with a single chip that contains the complete arithmetic aid logic unity of computers. 3.Chip card A card knows as an combine circuit (IC) card. A card containing one more computer chip or special purpose processing used to validate personal identification. 4. Smart card A card with a computer chip embedded on which financial health education and security information can be stored and processed. 5.Western Union currency Transfer (WUMT) is a product that allowed people with relatives in Diaspora who may be remitting money home for family up keep, project financing coach fess etc Nigeria communities known for having their siblings gainfully employed in other parts of the world are idle market for Western Union Money Transfer.CHAPTER both2.0.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CASE postulateBrief Profile of Unity Bank PlcUnity Bank Plc is one of the leading retail in Nigeria which emerged from the lagest merger and consolidation of Nine Bank s intercity Bank, First interstate, Tropical Commercial pacific Centre point, NNB Bank of the North and New Africa Bank Limited and spearheaded in investment banking corporate and retail banking came together in January 2006 to from Unity Bank Plc. Ithas 284 business officers spread across the body politic and work(a) to increase this number in the nearest future. Unity Bank is the sixth largest Bank in Nigeria today by business locations. The Head Office is located at plot 785, Herbert MacaulayWay, primordial barter District, Abuja While the Head Office Annex is at No. 290, Akin Olugbade Street, Victoria Island, Lagos. The Mission of the Bank is to create superior wealth for our stakeholders and The visual sense is to be one of the top quintette financial service mental institutions in Nigeria by 2013. Vision Drive Strategic Objectives(a) Financial* Attain a set minimum balance sheet size with respect to Asset size and profitable by the year 2013. This is referred to as 5-i n-5 taking it from 2008 to 2013. * Achieve Industry guide 5 position in rate of return on Equity * Achieve Industry Top 5 ration of income to cost(b) Customer* crap a superior customer service environment within Unity Bank (c) Technology* Significantly improve Technology leverage within the Bank (d) Human Capital* Build a winning human capacity and Spirit.(e) Retail Focus* Build the nations number 1 retail Bank.2.1.2INTRODUCTION TO electronic BANKING SYSTEMElectronic banking system is a conventional banking system which stated in Nigeria in 1952 (Benjamin 2001). Since then the industry has witnessed a lot of restrictive and institutional advances. The industry was being controlled by at most five out the 89 banks in existence before the commencement of the merger and skill of banks in Nigeria economy. Multiple branch systems is also one of the notable features of Nigerian Banks, with a total of 89 banks accounting for about 3017 bank branched countrywide as at 2004. As well the industry was faced with heavy challenges including the overbearing impact of fraud and corruption. Erosion in public confidence a poor capital base persistent cases of distress and failure poorasset quality and so on. Part of the move to resolve these lingering problems including the banking tidy up initiated by the Central Bank of Nigeria in June 2004, which is largely targeted at reducing the number of Banks in the economy and making the emerging banks stronger and reliable. So far the banking restore has been a success story with 25 mega banks emerging after the recapitalization exercise which ended on 31st December, 2005 in the bid to catch up with global exploitation and improve the quality of their service delivery. Nigeria banks have no doubt invested much o technology and have widely adopted electronic and telecommunication network for delivery a wide range of value added product and service, they have in the last few days transformation from manual to alter system. Unl ike before when ledger cards were used, today banking has been connected to information technology networks thereby facilitating the practice of inter banking and inter Branch banking transactions. ontogenesis domestically has the doorway of mobile telephone in 2001 and improved access to personal computer and internet service facilities have also added to the growth of electronic banking in the Nigerian banking sector, However where as local banks most commonly practice real time on line internet banking, the integration of customers into the process is far from been realized. Many of the reason are attributed to the high prevalence of internet fraud and lack of an adequate regulatory framework to protect the banks from the volatility of risk associated with internet banking especially at the levels of communication and transactions. In the main Nigeria is globally regarded as the headquarters of Advance Fee Fraud which is perpetrate mostly via the internet (Journal of world-wi de af uninfecteds Vol. 51, 209 301.2.2 THE VIEW ON ELECTRONIC BANKINGThe vast majority of the recent literature on electronic money and banking suffers from a narrow focus. It generally ignores electronic banking entirely and equates electronic money with the substitution of bills done electronic gadget Such as smart cards and virtual currency. For example freedwoman (2000) proposes the electronic banking and electronic money consist of three device access devices stored value cards and network money. Electronic banking is simply the use of new access device and is therefore ignored. Electronic money then is the sum of stored value (smart)cards and network money (value stored on computer hard disks). What is most entrancing and 23 revealing about this apparently popular view is that electronic banking and electronic money are no longer functions or processes but devices indoors this rather narrow scope for electronic money there are nonetheless many research that address one or more of the challenges veneer it Santomero and seater (1996) print (1991) and sliy and Tarkka (2002) and many others present models that identify conditions under which substitute(a) electronic payment substitute for currency to emerge and flourish on a large scale depending on the characteristics of the various technologies as well as the characteristics of the potential userBerentsen (1998) considers the impact that the substitution of smart cards for currency will have o monetary policy arriving that although electronic substitutes for currency substitution will leave the demand for Central Bank reserves largely intact undecomposed haft (2000) discuss how monetary control would in an economy in which Central Bank currency has been partially or completely replaced by electronic substitutes.Conan (2001) distinguishes between monetary control and monetary anatomy where monetary control is the ability of the of the Central Bank to influence output and price, Cohen that the intro duction of electronic currency substitutes will not reduce monetary autonomy other hand Kobrin (1997) arques that electronic currency substitutes are 24 part of a general process of technological advance and globalization that are rendering national authorities of all kinds important and obsolete.Lee and long Akindemowo (1999) present the standard justification for formula of financial markets systemic risk and consumer protection they argued that both will justify command of electronic currency substitutes they noted that European regulators have already outlined stored value cards as the taking of a deposit so that only banks may issue them, several other authors especially Central Banks such as freedman (2000) have argued that the state can always use its power to regulate electronic money providers ifthey prove to be determined to monetary policy or finance stability. Helleiner (1998) makes the case that such coercive power will still be effective in a world of electronic ban king. Tanaka (1996) on the other hand, proposes the establishment of a monetary authority in cyberspace that will control electronic currency substitutes.Friedman (1991) point out that electronic banking presents the possibility that an entire alternative payment system not under the control of the Central Bank of Nigeria may arise, in an extreme variant of freedman King (1991) argues that today computers make it at least possible to bypass the payment system altogether instead using direct bilateral elucidation and settlement the responses to Friedman. Woodford (2000) argue that the central bank will either continue to provide the payment system of choice or will find alternative ways to conduct monetary policy through stabilization of short term interest rates regardless of what form of money is being used.Although this randomness set of research introduces some critical issue, it is too vague about what exactly is meant by electronic money and banking. Part of the vagueness ste ms from the focus of these papers on the payment system rather than on the payment media. Nonetheless a complete view of electronic money and banking should include both the payment system and the media used in the system. The feasibility of an alternative payment after all is intimately tied to the feasibility and desirability of the media flowing through that system.2.3ELECTRONIC BANKING AND THE COMMON BANKING PRODUCTSThe use of information technology in banking operations is called electronic banking Ovia (2001) argue that electronic banking is a product of e commerce I the field of banking and financial service. i what can be described as business to consumer (B2C) domain for balance enquiry request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instruction, accounts opening and other forms of traditional banking service, Banks are also offering payment services on behalf of the customer who shop in different e- shop.2.3.1TELEPHONES AND PC BANKING PRO DUCTSThis is a induction that enables customer, via telephones calls, find out about their position with their bankers merely dialing the telephone numbers make upn to them by the banks in addition the computer on the phone would require special codes given to the customer as a core of identification of authentic users before they can receive any information they put across for. This is a service introduces into the banking balance as a result of computer telephone technology being made available Ovia(2001) the technology baking has a universe of possible application limited only by the imagination, these areas include Account balance enquiry Account statement printing intra Banks Account to Account Transfer inter Banks Account to Account Transfer Download Account Transaction etc Telephone and Pc banking brings the bank to the doorstep of the customer, it does not require the customers to have his premises interaction voice response becomes a regular feature of operations Text to speech capability becomes reality A uniformed put across capability become permanent feature of the bank.2.3.2THE CARD SYSTEMThe card system is a unique electronic payment type. The smart card are plastic devices with embedded integrated circuit being used for settlement of financial obligations. The power of card lies in their sophistication and acceptability to store and fix data, and handless multiple application on one card security (Amedu 2005) Depending on the sophistication, it card and ATMs ( Automatic Teller Machine) While the electronic card is gaining popularity in USA and Nigeria, the Spanish financial institution demonstrated the highest implementation and update of smart card accords Europe (Amedu 2005) The smart cards was introduce into the Nigeria market to reduce or eliminate problems of carrying cash about (Amedu, 2005) it is electronically In addition it also contains security programs these protect transactions between one card user and the other, it betw een one card user and the other, it can also be transferred directly to a retailer, merchant or other outlet to pay for goods and services and like cash, transaction between individuals without the need for banks of the other third parties, also the system does not require central clearing. Itis valued immediately. Also the system allows transfer of one value to the other wherefore it operates like cash.2.3.3THE AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM)Worldwide the use of paper cash still remains the most widely used and acceptable means of setting financial transaction in increasingly on the decline especially in advance economics (Amedu 2005). In USA where the use of cash is still prominent compared with European countries it represents 50 percent or more of the total transactions. Of course, cash is a non electronic payment method. However the physical carriage of cash as well as the visit to the bank branches is being reduced by the introduction of an electronic device ATM.An ATM devi ce allows a bank customer to withdraw cash from his account via a cash dispenser (Machine) and the account is debited immediately. A fundamental reward is that it needs not to be located within the banking premises. It is usually in stores, shopping malls, fuel Satiations etc2.3.4CHEQUEA cheque is a paper based payment instrument whose usage are still gaining ascendancy the Automation focus on this instrument is to reduce the number of clearing days and improve on security arrangement in the course of settlement and collection. For examples in Nigeria the Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has just embarked upon online clearing and Nigeria has signified interest and signed path to this project (Johnson 2005)2.4THE ENTRY OF Nigerian BANKS INTO ELECTRONIC BAKING.Electronic banking both as a medium of delivery of banking service and as a strategic tool for business development has gained wide acceptance internationally and more banks entering the fray. Nigeria can be verbalize to be the thr eshold of a major banking revolution with net banking having already been unveiled (Ovia 2001) of all the sectors in the Nigeria economy, Banking stands out despite a not too good economy Electronic banking provide the facility of accessing customer account from anywhere in the world by using home computer with internet connection, is particularly fascinating worthindividuals having multiple bank account the growth potential is therefore, immense. Further incentives provide by banks would dissuade customers from visiting physical braches, and thus get hooked to the convenience of armchair banking at present the military position does not seem to have shown any significant melioration where as about 90 percent of the banks in the country offer other forms of electronic banking service like telephone banking ATM and electronic fund transfer, internet banking is yet to take center stage. This aspect of baking is still at the staple fiber informative stage (Ovia, 2001) this is so des pite the widely acclaimed benefits of internet banking against the traditional branched banking practice part of the reason indentified for the inability of banks in Nigeria to take full advantage of this mode of banking includes lack of adequate operations infrabody grammatical construction like telecommunications and power upon which electronic banking generally relies, Development process, internet banking can be said to have less I the existing banking structure in the country Earlier articulate reason why internet Banking was having a moderate economic impact in the country including that Nigerian Banks customers are not on the average trained on for teller jobs and the working of internet banking a fact which makes transaction processing via internet banking prone to error the absence of a clearly defined frame work for internet banking, leaving banks with inadequate well-grounded cover to provide the service and poor telecommunication infrastructure all over the country. In addition the fact that internet assuage in the country has been abused by cyber criminals makes its window unattractive for domestic banking operations and legitimate international operations. The inherent banking service in Nigeria is against re enforced by the development evidence that the world over, dubook Nigerians use fake website to scoop fund from unsuspecting victims. In some cases, these crimes are committed using existing banks sites.2.5.1THREAT OF CYBER CRIMES ON THE NIGERIAN BANKING SITES.The Advantage fee fraud or 419, which is one of the popular of all interest frauds Has of its origin from Nigeria in the 1980s it development and spread follows the path of the development in technology at inception, postal letter were used as key media for committing 419 frauds. Later in the early 1990s it became integrated into telecommunication facility such as thetelephone and fax from the late 1990s following the introduction of computers and internet 419 crimes became preva lently perpetrated through the use of e-mail and other internet means (Amedu 2005) the latest dimension taken by the perpetration of this crime is the use of fake internet bank site and using that to encourage victims to open account with them. The country is the third high est ranked in internet money offer fraud As was reported in one of the national newspaper frauds and forgeries in Nigeria bank as at June 2005 Stood at 329 or N1.15 billion monetary equivalent against 222 cases or N1.47 billion monetary equivalent in April resembling year, There is even global suspicion that a Nigerian crime Syndicate that Coordinate global crimes such as money laundering bank fraud and 419 searms exist today. These issues basically defeat he key ingredients of electronic banking which include confidentially integrity and availability.Several factors are responsible for the preceding(prenominal) situation. They include inordinate tolerance for corruption among Nigeria public and government agen cies weakness of the existing legislative judicial institution to makes and enforce relevant laws on cyber crimes quality of graduates I terms of professional value and ethics chronic unemployment among graduates and the widening gap between the few rich and the many poor caused mainly by bad government. In the main, erosion of good value principles and corruption constitute the greatest cause of using cyber-crimes among Nigeria (Domestic electronic payment in Nigeria) (Amedu, 2005) this according to transparency international is worsened by fact that sever generation of Nigerians have been raised in this norm, Hence what is seen as a dangerous global crime is socially acclaimed and glamorized in Nigeria. The above situation constitutes the environment upon which electronic banking has emerged in Nigeria although the level of the adoption and practice of electronic baking (especially internet banking) has remained quite insignificant global projections still remains that information technology would continue to pay a revolutionary role in the development and delivery of banking products and services all over the world. In effect it is this projection that has raised pertinent regulatory questions concerning electronic banking like Nigeria. One key issue here borders on how to handle the locomote level of frauds and forgery prevalent I the entire banking system and how to makeinternet banking system and how to make internet banking fit well in the banking structure of a country so notoriously identifiable with criminals use internet access.2.5.2THE REGULATORY CHALLENGESAt the national level the Nigeria government and the relevant regulatory agencies have strived to match the rapidly changing electronic banking environment with necessary regulations and frame works (Soludo, 2005) earlier effort made to this effect including the enactment of the failed Bnaks (Recovery of Debts) and malpractices in Bank Decree NO. 18 of 1994 and the money laundry of 1995. However as noted above poor enforcement procedure rendered these instrument very inactive in checking the menace of financial crimes. By the late 1990s following record growth internet and computer usage in the regulations girding the banking industry including the banks and other institution Act of 1991 were lacking adequate provisions to accommodate the emerging trend. Not even a mention of electronic banking or any manner of its application was mentioned in any of these prevailing regulation documents the situation created a lot of gaps between the levels 32 of CBN regulatory tools and the same time made the bank elderly to all kind of risk (Soludo 2005) This deficiency notwithstanding, it is not until 2003 when the maiden guidelines on electronic banking guidelines emerged from the finding of a Technical committee on electronic banking set up by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2003 to find appropriate modalities for the operation of the committee that electronic banking in August 2003 of the key provision of the guidelines only a section deals with issues of the guidelines only a section deals with issues relating to internet Banking section paragraph 4 of the guidelines exception any stresses that banks should put in place procedures for agree the banks web site including the various security features needed for internet banking service (CBN 2003) Despite its numerous technical specifications he guidelines have been widely criticized as not being enough to check the growing popularity of electronic banking against the back drop of growing sophistication in technology related crimes and frauds. Closer examination of the glut of the guidelines equally shows that the document fails to meet up with the four keys areas where electronic banking may have regulatory impact changingthe traditional lines upon which existing regulatory structure are laid handing concerns about existing public policy issues changing the natural and scope of existing risks and rebalancing regulatory rules and industry discretion Again some important urgeation of the Technical committee that gave rise to the adoption of the guidelines was paragraph 6.1 of the committee reports which among others recommended that all banks intending to offer transaction service o the internet other e-banking product should obtain an approval in principle from CBN prior to commencing these service.Part of the criticism is that the recent guidelines are capable of constraining the practice and development of Electronic Banking Nigeria. One of such for instance is the requirement on electronic banking product development while acknowledgement that the existing regulations would apply wholly on emphasized that only banks section 4.2 of the guidelines emphasized that only banks which are licensed supervised and with physical presence in Nigeria are permitted to offer electronic banking service in Nigeria and that virtual banks are not to be allowed the guidelines also gives indication th at the products services can only be offered to residents of Nigeria with a verifiable address with the geography leaping of Nigeria any person resident permit or other legal residency designation under the Nigeria immigrations any person know were in as a trendified person who neither is temporarily in Nigeria. The guidelines go further to indicate that the e-banking service should be offered in Naira only and that where such a service is to be provided in foreign currency it should be to only the holders of ordinary domiciliary account and conform with all foreign exchange regulation on some other aspects, the guidelines have been criticized by unity bank executive and customers for not addressing adequately the critical issues concerning internet security it failed to explicitly recommend a standard that allows banks to examine in each individual financial institutions current network. In addition to this array of criticisms the workability of proper internet framework is also queried amidst the poor state of basic information technological infrastructure in the country. This is essentially necessary since electronic Banking generally relies on the existence of adequate practicable infrastructure like telecommunication and power to function effective through littlesuccess has been recorded the supply of these requisite facilities is very erratic in the Nigeria case. Were they exist high cost of acquisition and maintenance tend to deny a great percentage of the population access to them the case of internet access is a glaring one where majority of the citizen rely solely on the services of commercial cyber cafes to the E- Banking guideposts to provide procedures not only for banks investment in internet facilities but also in promoting customers access to such. Unfortunate none of such is contained in the document.Prior to the merger, each of the four banks maintained a unique brand discernable areas of coverage an easily identified gradation of stren gth and competencies in various areas of the banking service and a fair share of the market.Technology is undoubtedly a very important tool of every banks competitive strategy. It had drawn the line between success and failure. The deployment of Banks, web enable new generation enterprise banking result has enable UNITY BANK to offer its customers banking service at their door step. The bank runs on a completely centralized system with BANKS (Version 6.2) as the main Banking Application the Banks innovation technology driven product are product are central and they have pioneers in the area of e-banking in Nigeria.2.5.3ELECTRONIC BANKING PROFITABILITY AND readinessCommercial banks assaulted by the pressure of globalization competition from non-banking news ways to add value to the service the question what drives performance? Is at the top in understanding superior performance and hence striving for it substantial research effort have gone into addressing this questions starting f rom the strategic level and going down to operational details. A key study bench marking the strategies of leading retail banks and (vander Velde 1992) This study is based on the opinions of head of retails banks at all us commercial banks established the linkage between marking operations organizing excellence this finding lead to the formulation of the service management strategy encapsulated in the dredge operational capabilities service quality performance capability servicequality performance (-SQ-P) (foth and Iackson 1995) the C-SQ-P trail is in turn a focused view of the service profit chain described by (heskettet all 1994) based on their analysis of successful service organizations.2.5.4BANK CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPBank customer relationship is just a special contract were a person entries valuable items with another person with an intention that such items shall be retrieved on demand from the flight attendant by the person who is entrusted with above mentioned valuable ite ms shall be retrieved on demand from the keeper by the person who so entrust thus the banker is the one who is entrusted with above mentioned valuable items while the person who entrust the items a view to retrieving it on demand is called the deputy. The banker too is under obligation to pay so long the proxy is dully authorized by the customers. The relationship is also fiducially. The terms and condition governing the relationship should not be leaked to a third party particularly by the bankers, Also items kept should not be released to a third party without due authorization by the customer.2.6OPERATIONAL OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFinancial institution provide service as intermediaries of the capital and debt markets, they are responsible for transferring funds from investor to companies in need of those funds financial institutions facilitate the flow of money through the economy to do so, saving are pooled to mitigate develop revenue. Should the yield curve become inverse film in this arena will offer additional fee generating services including securities underwriting and prime procreate.CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1INTRODUCTIONThis chapter describes the techniques and procedure used by the research in conditioning the study and accumulating the data for the population of thestudy througth sampling techniques Sample size source of data method collection and method of data analysis and testing hypothesis3.2POPULATION OF STUDYThe population to be used in this study covers all the 40credit officers of Unity Banks plc The population selected was designed to obtain adequate and diverse views pertaining to the level and impact of electronic banking in Unity bank.3.3SAMPLING TECHNIQUESThe technique is used to ensure that all the segment of the population is included in the study3.4SAMPLING SIZEThe sampling size to be used by the researchers in this study constitute (40) Unity Bank Officers3.5SOURCES OF DATAThe researcher uses both the immemorial and se condary data in the study. The primary data are tranquil by the researcher through the use of questionnaire while the secondary data are data collected from CBN electronic banking guideline annual report of Unity Banks Plc and CBN annual report e.t.c3.6METHOD OF DATA ANALYSISThe study used both descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing the data Also Simple frequency counts in percentage and the chi-square were used in the data analysis.3.6.1TEST OF HYPOTHESES AND INFERENCEThe Chi-square test was employed by the researcher to test the significance of the responses from the credit officers of Unity Bank plc (respondent) The Chi cheering test is performed by defining the numbers of case fully in each category. The formula for the Chi- Square is0O-e2eO = Number of observed case in categoryE = Number of expected cases in categoryK = Number of category amount Runs from 1 =1 to 1 k3.6.2DECISION RULE AND NOTIFICATIONA set of decision rule is the verbal equivalent of a graphica l decisions tree, which specifies class membership based on a hierarchical sequence of (Contingent) decisions. Each rule in a the form of a Horn clause where in class membership is implied by a conjunction of contingent observations.CHAPTER FOURDATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION FINDINGS4.1A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed to the various credit officers of the unity bank plc in Lagos state after the questionnaires were filled by the respondents and collected back they were screened a sorted out by the researcher the detail of of the returned questionnaires shows that out of 40 sent out,only 35 were completed. Hence 87.5% of the respondent returned their questionnaires. 4.2PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA4.2.1QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTThe researcher was able to meet with the respondent to know their level of qualification, the able below shows their different qualification and their response. elude 4.1 Qualification of Respondent sALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT lotOND 5 14 3HND 9 2 5 7BSC 14 40M.SC / MBA 7 20PHD 00TOTAL 35 blow seeds field survey, 2013 40 send back 4.1 shows the number of respondents by qualifications. The data collected indicated that 14 or 40% of respondents are B.sc Holder, 9 or 25.7% are HND holders, while 7 or 20% are master holders and non among have PHD. Therefore it could be inferred that majority of the credit are B.sc Holders 4.2.2WORKING EXPERIENCEThe research was able to meet with different respondent to know their age experience with unity bank plc.Table 4.2 years of Experience with unity bank plc.ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE1-5 years 8 22.96-10 years 10 28.611-15 years 9 25.716-20 years 6 17.121 years and above 2 57TOTAL 35 100Sources field survey 2013Table 4.2 shows how long the respondents have been working with bank form the data collected it could be seen that 12 or 40% of respondents have spent between 1-5 years working with the bank, while 16-20 years and 2 or 25.7% between 11-15 years 6 or 17.1% between 16-20 years and 2 or 5.7% for more than 21 years. In view of this fact it could be deducted from the analyzed data in table 2 that 77.1% of the respondent have spent appreciable period of 5 years and above working in the bank.4.2.3CADRE OF RESPODENTSALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGEJunior credit officer 14-40Senior credit officer 21-60 fare 35-100Sources field survey, 2013Table 4.3 shows that 21 or 61% of respondent are senior credit officers with the bank while 14 or 40% are junior credit officers. Therefore the bank senior credit officers are more than the junior ones4.2.4PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONThe respondents were asked about their professional qualifications and their responses were presented belowTable 4.4 professional QualificationALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGEAssociated chartered Accountant (ACA) 16 45.7Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) 15 42.9Certified Auditor 2 5.7Certified information System 2 5.7Total 35 100Sources field survey, 2013 42Table 4.4 shows that 16 or 45.7% respondent are members of Chartered Accountant on 7% Nigeria, 15 or 42.9% of the respondent are professional bankers and 2 both 2 or 5.57% are for certified auditor and certified information system respectively. Therefore most workers in the bank are professional and such one would expect quality services and information from them4.2.4DEPARTMENT OF RESPONDENTSThe respondent were asked of their incision are from different department and their responses were presented below. Table 4.5 Department of RespondentALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEHuman Resource 3 8 6Cleaning and Cash Management 13 37.1 argument Development 25.7Information Technology 12.9Credit and Making 16 45.7Total 35 100Source Field Survey, 2010Table 4.5 indicate that 3 or 8.6 of the respondents are the human resources department 13 or 37% Clearing and cash management 2 or 5.7 to business development while 1 or 2.7% of the respondents are information. Technology department and 16 or 45.7% of the remaining are in credit and marketing Therefore, it could be deduced from the data analyzed above that credit and marketing department has the higher number of staff as such the bank will always strive to gainthe larger share of market share.4.2.6THREAT TO ELECTRONIC BANKSThe respondents were asked of the threat involves in electronic banking and their responses were presented below.Table 4,6 brat to Electronic BankingALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEAdequate Security 00Legal threat 00ATM Found 00 short(p) communication link 00All of the above 35 0Total 35 100Source Field Survey, 2010Table 4.6 show that all respondents i.e 35 or 100% of the respondents were of the agree opinion that the bank place more emphasis in all the electronic banking threat to determine its effectiveness. 4.2.7THREAT ASSESSMENTThe respondents were asked about their assessment of threat involved in electronic banking and their responses were presented below Table 4.7 threat AssessmentALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGETo a hi gh bound 0 0To a moderate extent 27 77.1To a lower extent 6 17.1 44No respond 25.7Total 35 100Source Field Survey, 2010On the assessment of the Unity Bank Electronic Banking System, 27 or 77.1% of the respondent were 6 or 17.1 low and 2 or 5.7% sow no respond and more respondent with opined of high. Therefore based in the Data collected, it shows that the bank has low incidence of threat in electronic Banking System.4.2.8RESPONDENT ASSESSMENT OF UNITY BANKS ELECTRONIC BANKING SYSTEM The respondents were asked of the assessment of Unity Bank plc Electronic Unity Bank and their responses were presented below Table 4.8 Unity Bank Electronic SystemALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGEExcellent 5 14.3Very Good 27 77.1Good 3 8.6Fair 00Poor 00Total 35 100Source field Survey, 2010Table 4.8 shows the assessment of electronic banking system of Unity Bank 27 or 77.15 of the respondents have the opinion that they are very good while 5 or 14.3% excellent and 3 or 8.6 considered it as a good and non e of the respondent opined that it is either fair or poor. 4.2.9INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAMthe researcher was able to ascertain the level of information technology training program in Unity Bank plc and the responses are shown belowtable 4.9 IT programALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEpowerfully agreed 5 14.3 assentd 26 74.2Undecided 3 8.6 discord 1 2.9Strongly Disagree 00Total 35 100Source Field Survey 2010On the assessment of training development program for Unity Bank Offecers the table 9 show that 26 or 74.2% of the respondents were of the agree opinion, 5 or 14.3% potently agree 3 or 8.6% undecided and 1 or 2.9% disagree and none respondent opened on strongly disagree therefore the bank have information training development programs respondent were of the agree opinion. 4.2.10LEVEL OF ELECTRONIC BANKINGThe respondent were asked about the level of electronic banking and response is shown in table 4.10 Table 4.10 level of electronic bankingALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERC ENTAGEStrongly agreed 11 31.4 46Agreed 22 62.9Undecided 00Strongly disagree 00Total 35 100Source Field Survey 2010Table 4.10 shows that 22 or 62.9% of respondent were of the agree opinion that electronic banking system has make banking transaction more easier, 11 or 31 45% strongly agree while 2 or 5.7% were undecided and none of the respondent is either of the disagree or strongly disagree opinion. From the data, it indicates that the banking transaction has been made easier with the introduction of electronic banking.4.2.11IMPROVEMENT OF CUSTOMERS SATISFACTIONThe respondent were asked about the level of satisfaction derived from electronic banking and their response is show in table 4.11 below Table 4.11 customers satisfaction improvementALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEStrongly agreed 13 37.1Agreed 21 60Undecided 12.9Disagree 00Strongly disagree 00Total 35 100Source Field survey, 2010 47Table 4.11 shows that 21 or 60% of the respondent were of the agree opinion that electronic b anking have improve customers satisfaction 13 or 37.1% strongly agree while 10 or 2.9% undecided and non respondent disagree, therefore, agree opinion having higher percentage shows that electronic banking has really shows that electronic banking has really improved customers satisfaction.4.3TEST OF HYPOTHESIS4.3.1HYPOTHESIS ONEElectronic Banking does not have prospect of electronic bank in Unity Bank Nig, Plc Table 4.12 Chi- Square table on the prospect of electronic banking in Unity Bank Respondents view O Ei (O E) Strongly agree 1578649.14Agree 167981 11.57Undecided 27-525 3.57Disagree 17-636 5.14Strongly disagree 17-636 5.14Total 353550242 34.56Source Computer from Data 2010Therefore Z2(Chi-Square) Value Calculator is 34.56 the degree of freedom K-L, 5-1 = 4 from the Chi-Square rule Table x 224 0.05 = 9.4877Therefore x2Calculated = 34.5,6X2Tabulated = 9.4877 48Decision rule Since x2Calculated is greater than x2Tabulated (34.56779.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of fr eedom the first nul hypothesis which sate that electronic Banking enhance Unity Bank efficiency is accepted. 4.3.2HYPOTHESIS TWOElectronic banking does not have impact on the overall performance of the bank Table 4.13 Chi-Square table o the overall performance of the Bank Respondent view O Ei Oi-Ei (Oi-Ei) Strongly agree 13 7 6 365.14 Agree 167981 11.57Undecided 27-5 25 3,57Disagree 27-5 25 3.57Strongly Disagree 17-6 36 5.14Total 35 35 0 171 28.99Source Computer from Data 2010Therefore Z2(Chi-Square) value calculated is 28.99The Degree of freedom K 1,5- 1= 4Using the statistical table to find the value of Z24 0.05 the result is = 9.4877Therefore x2Calculator = 28.99X2Tabulation = 9.4877Decision rule Since x2Calculated is greater than x2Tabulation (28.9979.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of freedom the second null hypothesis is rejected and 49 the alternative hypothesis which start that Unity Bank Plc Electronic banking have impact on the overall performance of the banks i s accepted.4.3.3HYPOTHESIS THEETable 4.14 Chi Square table on the fortune of Unity BankRespondent view Oi Ei Oi Ei ( Oi Ei)Strongly Agree 17 7 10 100 14.28Agree 13 7 6 36 5.14Undecided 37 4 162.28Disagree 2 7 5 25 3.57Strongly Disagree 07 -7 49 7Total 35 35 0 226 32.24Source Computed from Data 2019(Chi Square) Value Calculated is 32 .27 the degree of freedom K-1, 5-1 = 4 Using the Statistical table to find the value of Z24 0.05 the result is = 9.4877Dose not comply with the CBN electronic Banking GuidelineTable 4.16 Chi Square Table o the CBN Electronic Banking Guidelines Respondents view Oi Ei Oi Ei ( Oi Ei)Strongly Agree 19 7 12 144 20.57Agree 14 77 49 7Undecided 07 7 49 5.14Strongly computed from Data 2010Therefore Z2(Chi Square ) value calculated is 44.85 the degree of freedom k-1, 5-1 = 4 Using the statistical table to find the value Z2 4 0.05 the result is = 9.4877 Therefore x2Calculated = 44.85X2Tabulation = 9.4877 52Decision rule = since X2Calculator is greater tha n X2Tabulated (44.857 9.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of freedom the second null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis which started that Unity Bank Electronic Banking Guidelines comply with CBN electronic banking Guideline is accepted. 4.3.5DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSFrom the above analysis it is seen that in hypothesis one, you can see that respondents agreed that electronic banking does not have prospect in Unity Bank In hypothesis we can also see that respondent agreed that electronic banking does not enhance the fortune of Unity Bank Hypothesis four shows that respondents strongly agreed that the Unity Bank Electronic Banking does not improve its bank customer relationship hypothesis Five shows that respondents strongly agree that Unity Bank electronic comply with the CNB Electronic Banking Guideline.CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 SummaryThe study was carried out in order to assess the impact of electronic banking system in Unity Ba nk. The general introduction aspect shade more light on the essential of electronic banking. Many literature and academic publication from different authors in publication from different authors in electronic banking product emerging issues in electronic. In the cause of this research the research was able to find out that origin of electronic banking system which started in Nigeria in 1952 Also the prospect of electronic banking was looked into critically electronic banking improve the fortune of Unity Banks this was achieved by adopting the CBN banking guidelines5.2CONCLUSIONBased I the summary of the major finding the following conclusions are draw 1. The adoption of electronic banking has enhanced Unity Bank efficient by making it more productive and effectives 2. Electronic Banking also has a strong impact on the overall banking performance by making workers performance more effective and efficiency. 3. The adoption of electronic banking gas enhanced the fortune of the bank thi s is achieved through bank charges cheque insularism slip and withdrawal charges. 4. The electronic banking has improved the bank customer relationship by rendering effective service throughout the week customers can now have access to their account outside working hours to make withdrawal to attend to their needs. 5. The electronic banking guidelines introduces by CBN strongly helps in effective electronic banking system. drug withdrawal can be made anywhere at any time and using any bank ATM machine customer cannot withdraw more than some certain amount to allowed other customers have access to the cash and money can be transfer from one place to another through electronic means. In general conclusion the electronic banking has made banking transaction to be easier by bringing service closer to the customers5.3RECOMMENDATIONSIn order to give the growing trends of information and communicationtechnology (ICT) which involves net banking and e-commerce in banks a vision in the right directions, the following strategies are recommended for further following up 1. The banks must be focused in teams of their needs and using the right technology to achieve goals rather than accruing technology of internet banking because other banks have it 2. political sympathies participation in ensuring focused telecommunication industry must be visible to reduce or remove avoidable costs of implementing e-commerce and internet banking 3. restrictive authorities like CBN (Central Bank of Nigeria) must stipulate standard for the banks to follow to avoid making Nigeria Banking Sector a dumping ground for the outdated technological infrastructure.REFERENCESAmedu, U.M (2005) Domestic electronic payment in Nigeria The challenges, Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion Vol, 29 No1, January/March.Bank for international settlements (2001) committee on payment and settlement system Survey of electronic money development prepared by the committee on payment and settlement system of the Centra l Banks of the Group of Ten Countries November.Beerentsen, A. (1998) financial policy implication of Digital Money Kyklos Vol. SI. PP 89 117Berry M.J.A Linoff, G.S (1999) Mastering Data mining the Art and science of customers relationship managing, New York John artful & Sons. PP. 57 61 Central Bank of Nigeria (2003) report of the technical Committee on electronic Banking , FebruaryCohen, Benjamin J. (2001) Electronic Money New Day or False Dawn? Review of international polical Economy Vol. 8. PP 197-225 Connel F. and Salen M.N (2004) Six puzzles in electronic Money and Banking IMF working paper IMF institute. Vol. 19. February. Davenport T.H (1993) process innovation Reengineering work through information technology Boston Harvard Business School press pp. 30 35. Financial standard Newspaper (2006) Vol 7 No. 28 April, pp3. Freedom C. (2000) monetary policy implementation past, present, and Future will Electronic Money Lead to the Eventual Demise of CentralBanking? International Finance Vol. 3, No. pp. 211 27 Friedman B. (1999). The future of Monetary Policy The Central Bank as an Army with Only a Signal Corps? International Financial, Vol. 2. No. 3 pp. 321 38. Goodhart Charles A.E (2000) can Central Bank Survive the IT Revolution? International Finance Vol. 3, No. 2 pp. 189 209 Hackathorn. R (2003) Factor for Implementing Active Data warehousing datawarehouse. Com. Halleiner. E (1998) Electronic Money A Challenge to the Sovereign state? Journal of international Affairs, Vol. 51, 387 400. Heilinger. M. Bingerhut. S. (2002) Business Activity Monitoring EAI meets Data Warehousing EAI Journal. July, pp 18 21. King M. (1999) Challenges for monetary policyNew and Old Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin November pp 307 415 Koutsoyiannis A. (1991) Theory of Econometric Hampshire Macmillan Limited. Lee B. and Longe Akindemowo O. (1999) Regulatory issues in Electronic Money A Legel Economics Analysis, Netnomics, Vol. 1, pp 53 70.APPENDIXDepartment of Banking and finance,Osun State Polytechnic Iree Osun State, NigeriaMay 14, 2013Dear Respondent,I am an HND student in the above name Department and institution concisely conducting a research on The Impact of Electronic Banking in Nigeria Banking System (Critical Appraisal of Unity Bank Plc) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the confront of HND. The finding are Strictly to be used for academic purpose only. Thank you sparing your time to participate in the studyN.BPlease tick in the appropriate box provided to indicate your answers. 1. What is your academic qualification?OND HND B.sc M.sc/MBA PHD 2. How long have your been in the service of Unity Bank Plc? 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21 years above 3. Which category of cadre do you belong?Junior Credit Officer Senior Credit Officer 4. Which of these department do you have?ACA CIBN Certified Auditor Certified Information System 5. Which of these department do you belong to?HR Clearing Cash Manager Business Development Information Technology Credit and Marketing 6. Which category of threat does Unity Bank places more impression? Adequate security Legal Threat ATM fraud risk poor 7. How can you assess the incidence threat of Unity Bank electronic bank system? High first-class honours degree Moderate 8. How can you assess the overall performances of Unity Bank electronic Banking? System Excellent Very Good Fair Poor 9. Unity Bank Plc has training program on information technology for its staff.10. Introduction of electronic banking has eased banking transaction11. The introduction of electronic banking has improved customer satisfaction.12. Electronic banking hence its effectiveness and efficiency Unity Bank.13. Unity Bank Plc electronic banking have impact of its overall performance of the bank14. Adoption of electronic banking would enhance the fortune of the bank.15. Unity Bank electronic banking improves its bank customers rel ationship.16. The bank electronic banking guidelines comply with CBN electronic banking guidelines.