Andrew Jackson s The First President Of The United States...

Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, was born on March 15, 1767 in South Carolina. His parents lived in south Carolina but no one is quite sure exactly where. Jackson was the third son of Irish immigrants. His father passed away few weeks before he was born. His mother, Elizabeth Jackson was a strong independent woman. When Andrews father died she was able to raise their three sons while living with Andrew s aunt. When Andrew was nine the Declaration was written and shortly after, signed. And when he was only thirteen he joined the Continental Army as a messenger. The Revolution hurt the Jackson family. All the boys served in the military. Andrew’s eldest brother Hugh Jackson, died in the battle of Stono. Then a couple of years later Andrew and Robert were held captives for a few weeks in 1781.They both got smallpox and when released Robert passed away. Later that year Andrews mother left to Charleston to try and nurse American prisoners of war. There she got very ill and passed away. After the war had passed, Andrew had become an orphan and an only child at the age of 14. The next year he spent living with relatives and being taught how to be a saddle maker. He went to school for a short time after the war but did not enjoy it. When he became seventeen he went to Salisbury, North Carolina which he studied law for a couple years, then left. He was then admitted in to the North Carolina Bar in 1787. In 1796 Tennessee separated fromShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson : A Symbol Of The Age Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pages The United States of America has gone through huge transformation and historical events that has now given freedom and independence throughout. The freedom has been given through war and key decisions made that have eventually won its independence and created the United States of America from East to West. Andrew Jackson was the president in the early 1800’s that made a considerable amount of change. Theses changes and action that he was involved in changed America forever, in which gave him theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1365 Words   |  6 PagesConceived in time of poverty, Andrew Jackson had turned into a rich Tennessee lawyer. When the time came and the war broke out between Britain and the United States, his administration in that conflict earned Jackson national fame as a military legend. He would then go on to turn into America s most influential and polarizing political figure between the 1820s and 1830s. After barely losing to John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential race, Jackson returned four years after the fact to win reclamationRead More Jackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesJackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Awarded the prestigious honor to remain forever engraved on the twenty dollar bill, Andrew Jackson became a figure in American history never forgotten. Future generations of younger students will not need to know Andrew for them to assume he was a great man. Unfortunately, the ignorance of idolizing Jackson because he appears on American currency serves to blanket the realities of his administration. Jackson should be removed from the twentyRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Age Of Jackson1376 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as â€Å"The Age of Jackson†, America was a country on its way to the West. America’s revolutionary generation was quickly fading, making room for a new balance of political power. As the class systems were breaking down, the â€Å"common man† was better able to cast his vote for the new President. Jackson was glorified by his impressive war accomplishments and humble background of the frontier. This made him the main target for presidency in electi on 1824. Once coming to power, Jackson no longer portrayedRead MorePresident Andrew Jackson Should Stay On The 20 Dollar Bill1527 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has been shaped and reshaped in various instances throughout its history; some of the men that played vital roles in achieving the status we now possess have been immortalized in our currency. President Andrew Jackson, is one of the few American leaders that was chosen to live on forever; however, many now argue whether or not Jackson truly deserves the honor to be represented in the 20 dollar bill--- arguing that there are other better qualified people to take his place; an example beingRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson919 Words   |  4 Pagesof Irish colonizers in 1767, somewhere in the Carolina’s, Andrew Jackson received little formal education throughout his adolescence. During the British raid of the Carolinas in the 1780’s, Andrew Jackson, was taken as a prisoner of war, where in the course of his im prisonment, after refusing to clean and polish an English officer s boots, Jackson was struck across the face with a saber, leaving scars. In due course of the attack, Jackson lost his mother and two brothers to British forces, leavingRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagescolonized by European countries and the that US would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. Adams-Onis Treaty aka Transcontinental Treaty of 1819; settled a border dispute in North America between the US and Spain; treaty was a result of increasing tension between the US and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power; the treaty ceded Florida to the US, settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River, andRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1523 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 to Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson in the mountains between North and South Carolina. Jackson was born into poverty and as a result received very little education growing up. When The British invaded the Carolinas around 1780, Jackson’s mother and two brothers were killed during the conflict and British soldiers took the young Andrew Jackson prisoner, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. In 1781, JacksonRead MorePolitical Parties And Its Impact On Society1191 Words   |  5 Pages In the twenty-first century, political parties are a very important aspect of our society. After recently wrapping up a presidential election, we see how greatly elected officials impact our everyday lives. Civilization has truly evolved since the beginning of the political parties in the 1600’s started by the Ancient Greeks. During that time, two groups who are known as the Patricians and the Plebeians made many of the decisions for the Greek society. The Patricians were made up of the NobelRead MoreThe Time Period Of Late Colonial And Revolutionary America1119 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the time period of late colonial and revolutionary America, change emerged with great occurrence. Society and the individuals that shaped its very being were influenced greatly by not just the land around them, but the people who came forth and represented it. From 1787 to 1861, America experienced an increased fluctuate of these particular individuals. For example Alexander Hamilton, Fre derick Douglas, and Andrew Jackson. Each of those named reigned in their own quarters leaving an influential

Justification Of Family Assessment Guide - 1910 Words

Part One: Justification of Family Assessment A substantial family assessment primarily depends on how the nurse acquires information and insights that are gained through a trusting and open-minded conversation with the family members. Some factors that may effectively promote acceptance of the nurse’s role includes the ability to build trust, improve a client-nurse relationship, making an accurate assessment, identifying health and interpersonal issues, and generating a personalised care plan that best suit the family’s needs. A prerequisite of a therapeutic encounter is nurturing a sense of trust, understanding and confidentiality, as some parents may find the assessment too personal and confronting. â€Å"Being assessed was like an interrogation and the sense of threat is powerful† (Millar, Corby, 2006, p.891). With regard to this, a non-judgmental way of completing the assessment and providing informed consent with positive feedback may change the impression of having the assessment regarded as intrusiv e and judgmental. The family nursing assessment guide is valuable in tailoring appropriate interventions that respond to the client’s complex needs. This ensures all factors concerning health, relationships and other personal issues are acknowledged and are able to offer possible solutions that may include support and services from external resources. The assessment will also provide an overview of the level of function and responsibility of each family members includingShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Confidentiality, Ethical Theories, and a Presented Case Study on the Z Family and the Practitioners Ethical Decisions1511 Words   |  7 PagesA. Introduction This paper will look at the principles of confidentiality, ethical theories, and a presented case study on the Z family and the practitioners’ ethical decisions. It will provide a better understanding of how moral and ethical situations can be approached by the practitioner, and giving examples and theories that can be put into practice in difficult decisions. B. Ethical Theory The importance of ethical theory plays a large role in nursing practices. It is often difficult to understandRead MoreFamily Development Assessment : The Developmental Life Cycle1189 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Development Assessment The second part of the assessment comprehends the developmental life cycle for the family. The developmental category reflects the family life cycle stages, the emotional process of transition and the tasks accomplished during each stage. Stages. Meshia is currently in â€Å"Stage Three: Families with young children†. According to Wright and Leahey (2013) an adult in this stage has become a caregiver to a younger generation and there past family experience will influenceRead MoreNetwork System Access Server ( Nas )1066 Words   |  5 Pagesaccess server (NAS), is required for association of demands. Our properties additionally permit to determine whether the dial-in properties of client records are disregarded 3. VPN (Virtual private network): This policy provides the remote access guide lines for our company. This policy is in availability for all the contractors, employees, and consultants and it is also available for all the third party users and these should have the valid validation to get connected to the VPN with the availableRead MoreJustification And Relevance Of Lesson895 Words   |  4 PagesJustification and Relevance of Lesson The students have learned about the heart, and about several conditions that may affect it. Moreover, they have learned the effects that cholesterol (LDL and HDL) has in the overall integrity or demise of the human body. In this new segment, they will learn about familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), and they will relate it to Anna’s cause of death—after running a gel electrophoresis experiment that will help identify whether or not Anna had the gene that codesRead MoreCritical Literature Study1722 Words   |  7 Pageslack of FVC studies amid low-income families as a justification for need. FVC focused intervention studies in community education setting within this population sector have become more prevalent due to the growing evidence of a correlation between chronic disease and dietary habits. Seven of the nine investigations cite low-income adults and their families consuming below national averages of recommended daily FVC servings as the primary problem and justif ication for research. On the other hand, thereRead MoreNIH Research Project Grant Program Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesFocus: Health education and prevention of HIV/AIDS in the LGBTI community on college campuses in Washington, DC 1. Community Needs a. Describe valid funding source and justification for how the program plan meets the requirements of the grant The funding source is an NIH Research Project Grant Program (R01). An R01 grant provides support for up to 5 years and a modular budget format allows to request up to $250,000 per year in direct costs. This provided support for health-related researchRead MoreGenetics Human Behavior Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing so it blurs the lines between ethics and morality in proportion with the overall benefits of cloning itself. Two popular justifications of human cloning are utility and autonomy. The former concept deals primarily with the benefits of human cloning while the latter, looks at it from a values/perspectives standpoint. Some examples of the utility justification are: â€Å"1) By having clones, people can, in some measure, have more of themselves in the world and thereby make a bigger impactRead MoreDoes the End Justify the Means?739 Words   |  3 PagesIf a person was raised with religious values and taught it is wrong to steal, would they steal if they had a family that was dying from starvation? Here in lies the dilemma. If the only way for their family to eat and avoid starvation (ends) involves the act of stealing (means) does this mean it’s okay because it’s a good act? What if the person is caught and goes to jail? Now the family starves and the person cannot help in any means. This would be considered a bad consequence and therein, a badRead MoreOverview of the Fall Prevention Program900 Words   |  4 Pagesquality of life via the minimization of costs as well as stress associated with falls and the injuries occasioned by the same. Budget Justification Hiring a Sitter In most cases, the sitter program makes use of three groups of persons to sit with patients believed to be at high risk of falling. The three groups in this case could comprise of paid staff, families of patients and volunteers. In our case, we already have in place a single sitter whose primary responsibility remains providing companyRead MoreEthics Of The Code Of Ethics946 Words   |  4 Pagescan be capable of simply be situated in the perspective of lawful and official procedures. Unproven infringements of the code of ethics would be questioned to a colleague assessment procedure. Such procedures exist in general unconnected on or after lawful or organizational processes and shielded on or after the lawful assessment or procedures to permit the career to guidance and punishment its individual associates even though in some circumstances, corruptions in the code of ethics would comprise

Waste Management in South Africa

Question: Discuss about the Waste Management in South Africa. Answer: Introduction According to Dept, I. M. F. F. A. (2016), South Africa is one of Africas most developed economies with a long history of colonialism. It got its independence in 1994 which subsequently followed by the abolition of apartheid. The country has from then elected their president democratically. The country is one of the highly populated countries in the world with 50.7 million people. The country has many ethnicities who are mainly Christians and Muslims. The country has several ministries in charge of different sectors within the government. Waste management practices are governed by The National Environmental Management of South Africa established in 2009. Through the waste Act of 2008, the Minister of Environmental has the authority to formulate strategies to achieve the goals of the Act. Through the act, guidelines of the waste management hierarchy are provided and also promote cleaner processing of waste. Other factors that the Act promotes include minimizing waste production, encouraging reuse, recycling and providing treatment to the waste produced. Solid Waste Generation andPhysical Characteristics A solid waste generation has increased over the decades in South Africa because of the change in lifestyles. Wastes produced vary in quality and quantity depending on how the structures put in place by the government in the management of its production. Most of the wastes generated are not managed responsibly, rather they have littered around, dumped or burned which consequently pollutes the environment. The government should formulate strategies that would be used to change the attitudes of people towards solid waste (Gray Vawda, 2014). Reusing and recycling are some of the practices that the government should encourage its citizens to exercise so as to reduce the current crisis in waste management. The government provides its citizens with waste removal and safe disposal to reduce litter and ensure that all members of the society are involved in responsible waste management practices. Solid waste disposal in the community is influenced by the social, economic and cultural environment in which people have socialized. The waste management activities are carried out by the different municipalities in the country. Solid waste management is a municipality function with legislation guidelines provided by the central government. The function is attracting private sector involvement who seek government contract on garbage collection (Hangulu, 2016). This approach is likely to solve the shortage of labor and ensures that the environment is kept clean and that the waste is properly managed. In some areas, people have to pay to have their waste collected by private companies. The solid waste stream may contain recyclables, organic waste, waste from industries and health institutions. These kinds of solid are hazardous to the environment and risk human and animal health. Many of the poor neighborhoods experience challenges since garbage take days to be collected. Therefore, they pile up on the roadside, and in the process of decomposition, a hazardous stench is produced. Many of slum dwellers are accustomed to this practice, and many have had health complications as a result of the disposal of solid waste on the environment as explained by Masenya, (2016). Existing Solid Waste management System South Africa has numerous legislations passed by the national assembly which caters for waste related issues. The waste management Act enacted in 2008 provides an overall reference to any policy covering waste management. Policies concerning waste management have been established from the late 20th Century and since been used in managing waste disposal challenges (Mashilwane, 2013). These strategies continue to develop and take new looks with emerging issues on waste management such as innovation made to tackle the issues related to waste management. All municipalities are expected to develop integrated waste management plans to reduce risks related to waste produced. Integrated systems are best applicable in waste management issues as it creates a sustainable plan that could provide a long-term solution to waste management crisis. The national waste management strategies provide guidelines on the various steps that waste collected should go through (Sherman, 2016). First, every citizen has a responsibility of keeping the environment clean by using responsible means of disposing of waste. They should also reduce their waste by using products that do not cause danger to the environment when they are disposed of. This also includes reducing the amount of waste we dispose of and using products and services that have minimal waste products. Second, recycling of waste generated to reduce the amount of waste that exposed to the environment. This involves re-using of the waste materials that was previously used for the same purpose. These materials could also be molded to form different products that could be used for other purposes. Organic waste could be used to make compost which makes good manure for use in the farms. Recycling is the most efficient method that could be applied in various sectors to reduce large quantities of waste disposal (Maluleke, 2016). Some of the wastes have repairable faults which could serve other people other than disposing of them. Third, waste materials can be treated to produce less harmful products that could be disposed of to the environment. Chemicals are used to treat human waste before disposal. Waste disposal could also be managed through destruction by setting fire on the waste products or even spilling decomposing chemicals. Fourth, the use of landfill disposal to manage endless waste streams. Identification of these sites requires verifications of factors that influence human and environmental health. These sites are designed and engineered to fit the specifications given by regulatory bodies. These facilities are located near the populations it serves to reduce the cost of transportation. Landfills are categorized into groups depending on the nature and quantity of waste received. These facilities are efficient in disposing of the dangerous and harmful wastes. Institutional and Financial Aspects Waste management activities are undertaken by both the national government and the regional governments. Both governments share responsibility in that the national government takes the legislative role while the municipals are responsible for task execution. There has been a measurable improvement in waste management for the past decade across municipalities as argued by Mohee Simelane (2015). Solid waste has continually been handled responsibly; therefore, risks have been reduced. Implementation of environmental cleanup strategies is crucial to creating a clean and safe environment in which humans can be productive. Government policies should focus on the establishment of a sustainable environment in which waste disposed of has minimal effect on animals and the environment. Strategies formulated should involve community members as cleanup activities create a sense of responsibility on people. Attitudes and behaviors of society members could be shaped by involving them in activities that they previously paid less or no attention. Devolving environmental responsibility to the community members is effective because when activities are done by communities, it creates a sense of belonging and a responsibility to keep clean. Innovations could also be influenced by growing amounts of waste being disposed of. Waste management is a growing complex field and innovations have led to the reduction of the challenges facing countries across the world (Ojino, 2016). The sub-Saharan Africa is the worst hit by large waste sites that initially served as landfills. Some of the innovations that inspired waste management crisis include the conversion of waste to energy. This innovation is the most effective waste management platform from the system they traditionally produced energy through incinerators. The government finances waste management programs by allocating money through the national budget. Municipal funds are used for the construction of waste management facilities and operations in the sector. The government budget is minimal, and a lot of activities cannot be fully accomplished due to the shortage of resources. The money is usually taxed on individuals purchases of goods and services. Residents of a neighborhood could also pay directly for the services where private companies have taken up the responsibility of disposing of waste. Challenges Issue South Africa has one of the fastest growing populations across the world. This had led to a continuous increase in consumerism. The increase in demand of basic needs has led to the increase in the quantity of waste produced. This demand requires working systems that would ensure waste is managed and disposal is done in a responsible manner. Waste streams are getting more complex which requires the government to update its waste managements practices regularly. Modernization has brought complex products that are difficult to manage, and their disposal techniques are still being debated. Electronics are a perfect example of materials whose waste streams are difficult to manage. These complex materials require a sophisticated system that tends to be expensive to operate in the country. Limited knowledge on waste management is also another challenge that South Africa faces. A lot of waste produced are not worn out or could have been used for other reasons. Knowledge among people responsible for managing waste should be broad and accommodate different practices that would lead to more sustainable methods of managing waste. Education on waste management should be addressed, and different population groups should be taught on responsible behaviors in handling waste. The lack of implementation of policies and regulations are also challenges that face South Africa. Many policies have been made by the national government but are not implemented at the municipal level. Many municipalities manage their waste by strategizing on what they think works best for their municipality. There is a lack of effective public engagements on waste management policies among municipalities. The government has not engaged its citizens on waste management as a strategy to reduce the amount of waste produced. Community members are mainly the main source of waste, and if trained and sensitized to be responsible, then waste will be disposed of responsibly. Communities should be engaged in activities that are aimed at cleaning the environment. This will encourage them to change their attitudes towards waste. Municipalities lack monitoring and control measures in their legislation. Therefore, service delivery is inadequate. The lack of a cooperation mechanism between the municipality and the community members negatively impacts the environment. Lack of monitoring practices creates a disconnect between the community and service providers. Therefore, each group does not work as expected which consequently results in practices that damage the environment (Smit, Esterhuyzen, Louw Louw, 2015). Legislations have been made at the national level, but the wide disconnect between the regional and national governments makes those policies ineffective. Many municipalities develop their own strategies that would help in the waste management process. These challenges can be mitigated through legislation that makes waste management programs a mandate for all municipalities. The government has to check its service delivery to the community and how the environment can be sustained. The South African waste management legislation is a world class and is in sync with global trends. Other solutions could be provided by the private sectors. The privatization of waste management can be effective if closely monitored to ensure that the services it signed up for are fully operational. This would reduce challenges on labor shortages and conflicts been the national and regional government. Need to Address Gaps Waste management should be segmented to bring holistic perspective in different areas rather than a general view on the outlook. This approach involves identifying system mix that would integrate different infrastructures to manage waste streams. This approach provides a comprehensive, practical and a broad scope in managing waste streams (Schenck, Blaauw Viljoen, 2012). Municipalities need to utilize various resources such as the wastewater and engineering processes in addressing the various steps in the management of waste streams. All procedures that are required in waste management require full maximization which would ensure that the desired results are achieved. Some of the procedures include the design and engineering of waste stream managements as well as the legal components, industrial requirements, transportation facilities and waste management projects started. These gaps can be addressed by projects formulating an afterthought to the likely waste produced (Battersby Marshak, 2016). This will ensure that waste management is given a priority once they are released into the environment. This would also reduce waste from industries as they have their waste management programs in place. The Aurecon has facilitated the links with the government in understanding the applicability of policies made to managing waste streams. This relationship has fostered relevant policies on environmental sustainability that are easy to administer Aurecon facilitates innovation in the sector and has placed South Africa at the top and ensures that internationally recognized practices are implemented in managing waste streams. Conclusion Waste management is crucial to animal and environmental health. All the systems involved in waste management should be sustainable to ensure that the environment is kept safe and clean for a comfortable living. Elements that may cause harm to the sustainability of the environment should be disposed of with caution. South Africa has made major strides in reducing waste streams but has not completely solved the waste management crisis. The government should look for other solutions applicable to the sector such as privatization of the sector. Municipalities should experiment this by awarding tenders to private companies to experiment on the effectiveness of the practice. References Battersby, J., Marshak, M. (2016). Mapping the Invisible: The Informal Food Economy of Cape Town, South Africa. Oxford: Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP. Dept, I. M. F. F. A. (2016). South Africa. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. Gray, A., Vawda, Y. (January 01, 2014). Health policy and legislation. South African Health Review, 3-19. Hangulu, L. (2016). Policy and practice of health care waste management in community-based care in South Africa. In Swilling, M., In Musango, J. K., In Wakeford, J. (2016). Greening the South African economy: Scoping the Issues, challenges, and opportunities In Sherman, W. (2016). Handbook on Africa: Challenges and issues of the 21st century. In Eltrop, L., In Telsnig, T., In Fahl, U. (2013). Energy and sun: Sustainable energy solutions for future megacities. In Smit, S. J., Esterhuyzen, E., Louw, L. B., Louw, J. H. W. (2015). Environmental man International Conference on Managing Water and Waste for the New Millennium, Pybus, P. J., International Water Association. (2001). Managing water and waste in the new millennium: Selected Proceedings of the International Conference on "Managing Water and Waste for the New Millennium - the challenges for developing areas," held in Johannesburg, South Africa, 23-26 May 2000; issue editor, P. Pybus. London: IWA Pub. agement: A business management approach. Masenya, J. M. (2016). The relationship between the management of solid waste and the degree of satisfaction of residents in Pretoria West. Mashilwane, C. (2013). Waste disposal pattern of a township in Tshwane. Mohee, R., Simelane, T. (2015). Future directions of municipal solid waste management in Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. Maluleke, J. C. (2016). The role of external stakeholders in project management at Sedibeng Regional sanitation scheme. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD. (2016). Extended producer responsibility: Updated guidance for efficient waste management. Paris: OECD. Ojino, Joyce. (2016). EPR as a mechanism for integrating the informal sector: An evaluation of post-consumer PET waste management in South Africa. Lunds Universitet/Internationella miljo?institutet. Schenck, C., Blaauw, D., Viljoen, K., International Labour Organization. (2012). Unrecognized waste management experts: Challenges and opportunities for small business development and decent job creation in the waste sector in the free state. Pretoria: ILO.

Richard Nixon Bibliography free essay sample

Nixon had always attended public schools in fact Nixon attended the Fullerton high school but transferred his Junior year to Whittier high school and graduated near top of his class. Nixon then attended Whittler college from 1930-1934 and graduated 2nd In a class of 85. While In college he was the student body president and then went on to go to Duke university Law School on scholarship. It was soon after the Teapot Dome Scandal, which is several scandals that crushed the reputation of President Warren G. Harding, who served from March 1921 to August 1923 and is often said to be the worst president our country has ever had. At Its core this scandal was about the presidents secretary of the Interior Albert Fall and former Mexico governor taking OLL bribers, In total, Fall received In the anger of $400,000 in cash and gifts from the 011 companies. For the public it was reduced to Fall granting favors to friends who had given him a great deal of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Nixon Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was after that that Nixon decided he wanted to be a lawyer he told his mother that he would like to become a lawyer an honest lawyer who cant be bought by the crooks, because he knew this was not right. And he became what he said he would an honest lawyer. In the August of 1942, Nixon Joined the navy he started off as a lieutenant Junior grade then rose to lieutenant commander; he served In the Pacific, mainly In Logistics. He then left the navy In January of 946 when the republican party of Whittier asked him to run for congress. Nixon was then asked to join the house of UN-American activities committee. Where he became involved in there campaign against subversion. In 1947 the HUSH began its investigation into the entertainment industry and was responsible for the blacklisting of 320 artists. This and many other cases brought Nixon to the publics attention and In 1952 Dwight Eisenhower chose Richard M. Nixon as his vice president running mate But during the campaign Nixon was accused of receiving $18,235 dollars from private citizens, hill on national TV he accounted for the money and Eisenhower allowed him to stay on the team.They were successful and beat the Democratic Party candidate Dalai Stevenson by 33,936,252 votes to 27,314,922. Of course as with any presidency there were issues one of the big ones happened in October 1 953 when Joseph McCarty began Investigating communist Infiltration Into the military where attempts were made to dishonor Robert Stevens the secretary of the army. Eisenhower was extremely angry and wanted to stop Ancestrys actions so he asked Nixon to attack him.So on the 4th of March, 1954, Nixon made a speech without using Ancestrys name but still making it clear who he was talking about said: Men who have in the past done effective work exposing Communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the Issue rather than the cause they spokesman where he traveled vastly and impressed many other leaders with his knowledge in foreign affairs. In 1960, After Onions 8 years with Eisenhower he ran for president but lost to John F. Kennedy by only 100,000 votes.So Nixon settled for being a lawyer in Los Angels. A short while later Nixon ran for governor of California and lost, so he then announced that he was retiring from politics. But in 1968 he changed his mind when he won his partys presidential nomination; he then picked Spiro T. Agene as his running mate. Then with much surprise to Nixon himself, he won, he was finally president and in his January 19, 1969 presidents inaugural speech he promised to bring our nation together once more. Another one of Onions promises was to end the Vietnam War.However when they were discussing at the Paris peace conference it was not doing any good so Nixon decided he was going to intensify the war by bombing the National Liberation Front bases in Cambodia. And by 1972 Nixon was convinced that a victory in the Vietnam War was not going to happen and the vice president was beginning to agree when Nixon proposed another option. The other option was for the American troops would retreat from Vietnam in exchange for a cease-fire and the release of 566 American prisoners held captive in Hanoi.This was also agreed that the north and South Vietnam governments would stay in power until a new election was arranged to unite the whole country. The problem with this was that as the US troops were leaving the entry Vietnam troops would stay in their positions in the south so in an effort to put pressure on the Vietnam troops to withdraw Nixon ordered a series of air-raids on Hanoi and Hopping. This bombing was the most extremely intense bombing in world history. Over the course of 11 days 100,000 bombs were dropped on both cities.However the Vietnamese refused to change so in January 1973 Nixon signed the peace plan. Although the bombing was proved to be of great significance with the American public so they now believe that north Vietnam was bombed into submission. Now the most talked about issue pertaining to Mr.. Richard Nixon would probably be his Watergate Scandal. This scandal was a political scandal during the sasss in the US, ultimately leading to Onions resignation and resulting from the fall of the Democratic National Committee (or the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis. . With this 5 white house operators were arrested for burglarizing the workplaces of the DON, in the attempt to illegally wiretap the opposition by members of the Republican Party. Later it was revealed that President Nixon had recordings of many conversations about the Watergate issue. The recordings from these tapes implicated that Mr.. Nixon had attempted to cover-up the break-in. Then after a series of court battles Nixon was told to give the tapes up and he ultimately complied. Then facing near-certain impeachment Nixon resigned as president on august 9, 1974.Official being the only president America has had that has resigned that ended in the accusation, trial, and conviction and imprisonment of numerous Nixon administration officials. Also his probably most famous quote would have to be him holding his fingers up like a peace sign saying l am not a crook. After his resignation in 1974 Nixon and his wife returned to their home in San Clement, California. Then he was said to be in isolation in his home for a while suffering sadness and shock. Then in 1974 ford prosecution. Sadly on April 18, 1984 Nixon suffered a severe stroke: while preparing for supper at his Park Ridge New Jersey home. Soon he couldnt move any part of his body and slipped into a deep coma. He passed away with his daughters by his side on April 22, 1994 he passed at the age of 81 . His funeral took place April 27, 1994 where several former presidents attended including Carter, Reagan, Ford, and George H. W Bush and the current president at the time Bill Clinton.

How to Study for a Test in 5 Days

How to Study for a Test in 5 Days How do you study for a test if you have five days? Well, thats a great question! Thankfully, you arent asking, How do you study for a test if you only have one, two, three, or four days. You gave yourself plenty of time to prepare fully for your test and didnt even consider cramming. Heres your 5-day schedule. Ask and Read In school, ask your teacher what type of test it will be. Multiple choice? Essay? Thatll make a difference in how you prepare. Ask your teacher for a review sheet if he/she hasnt already given you one. Also, get a study partner set up for the night before the test if possible–even via phone/Facebook/Skype. Dont forget to take home your review sheet and textbook. When you are at home, eat some brain food. Read your review sheet, so you know whats going to be on the test. Re-read the chapters in the textbook that will be on the test. Thats it for day one! Organize and Make Flashcards Pay attention in class–your teacher may be going over things that will be on the test! Take home your handouts, assignments, and former quizzes along with your textbook and review sheet. At home, organize your notes. Rewrite or type them up so they are legible. Organize your handouts according to dates. Make note of anything youre missing. Go through your review sheet, finding the answers for every question on there from your notes, handouts, textbook, etc. Make flashcards with a question/term/vocabulary word on the front of the card, and the answer on the back. When youre finished, put your flashcards in your backpack so you can study throughout the day tomorrow. Dont forget to stay focused! Memorize Throughout the day in school, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions (when youre waiting for class to start, at lunch, during study hall, etc.) Clarify anything you didnt totally understand with your teacher. Ask for missing items and ask if there will be a review before the test later on in the week. At home, set a timer for 45 minutes, and memorize everything on the review sheet that you dont already know using  mnemonic devices  like acronyms or singing a song. Stop after 45 minutes and move on to other homework. You have two more days to study for this bad boy! Put your flashcards in your backpack for more review tomorrow. Memorize Some More Again, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions throughout the day. Confirm a study date for tomorrow night. Set a timer for 45 minutes again when you are home. Go back through your flashcards and review sheet, memorizing anything you dont have down pat. Take a 5-minute break. If necessary, set a timer for 45 minutes again and continue if youre still unsure of any material! Put your flashcards in your backpack for review again tomorrow. Study and Quiz Throughout the day, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions again. If your teacher is having an exam review today, pay close attention and write down anything you havent learned yet. If the teacher mentions it today–its on the test, guaranteed! Confirm the study date with a friend for this evening. Ten-to-twenty minutes before your study partner (or mom) shows up to quiz you for the exam, review your flashcards. Make sure you have everything down pat. When your study partner arrives, take turns asking possible exam questions to each other. Make sure each of you has a turn asking and answering because youll learn the material best doing both. Stop once youve been through the questions a few times and get a good nights sleep.

Washington vs. DuBois essays

Washington vs. DuBois essays Two African American leaders that fought to bring their race to a more heightened sense of equality are Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Though these men sought the same goal of social, political, and economic equality, regardless of race, they possessed two warring ideals and strategies on how to achieve that goal. Washington took on a more weak-minded path on the way to equality and would rather work from the bottom up than to infuriate the whites, whereas DuBois believed that equality would be accomplished by fighting to get to the top. Washington, in order to gain social, political, and economic equality, believed that African Americans needed to surrender their status and position in society and act subservient towards the white man. He believed that the South was beginning to accept the blacks since the government of Atlanta took the time to request that he participate in the opening of the Atlanta Exposition and on the board of Jurors of Award. He conceived that, since the government was taking its time to incorporate a black man into their special functions, things must be letting up for the rest of the race as well. He told both blacks and whites to cast down their buckets where they are because each would benefit from one another. Blacks, according to Washington, should seek the influence of the whites in major political issues because they had more experience. The whites, on the other hand, could use the African Americans for labor because they were the ones who cared for the whites during slavery without s trikes or labor wars despite their harsh treatment. Washingtons view of the ethnic relationships was that each had something valuable to offer the other and that those attributions should not be overlooked. He also saw that, though it was highly imperative that blacks receive the privileges of the law, they needed to prepare for such liberties through starting at the bottom of society. He ...

ESL Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ESL Cause and Effect - Essay Example Those native in a country expect that immigrants should get integrated into the society. One of the ways this is expected to be achieved, is by having those individuals learning the language of the country and with respect to America, students are required to study English (Kessler& Quinn, 1982). Thus it was thought necessary that the way to assimilate different culture is through making English the uniform language of instruction. The assimilationist orientation was institutionalized by reducing public funding to private and church associated schools and banning bilingual programs in public schools. Bilingual textbooks were burnt with teachers were fired, taken to court, and convicted for clearing up concepts in childrens own native languages. Language minority students display low accomplishment in English only classrooms. When compared with the national norms, they are behind in every subject areas. In addition to losing their native languages, these students exhibit low achievement in English only classrooms. When compared with the national norms, they lag behind in all subject areas. A large number of them eventually drop out or are pushed out of school (Kessler& Quinn, 1982). Classrooms are full of students representing diverse cultural, ethnic, and national origins. They speak one of the many different immigrant languages back home, and have diverse religious, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds. This means that different approaches would be required but this becomes quite difficult. School failure of language minority students is was attributed to childrens supposed inadequate intellectual, cognitive, and linguistic abilities. It was widely believed that knowing two languages resulted in mental confusion, subdued cognitive and academic development, and led to low achievement of language minority students. Another commonly held belief was that some ethnic groups were genetically

How Parents Discipline in Public Places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Parents Discipline in Public Places - Essay Example 154). The clash of needs transpires when the mother unloads her grocery items at the cashier section while her son unwraps the chocolate bar at the checkout aisle for consumption. When the child does not get what he wants, an unwanted scene is created: the child does temper tantrum. Baumgardner (2003) says that temper tantrum is a â€Å"response of children not getting their way during a specific encounter† (p. 185). The mother is exhausted from carefully selecting and picking the items that she wants to buy -- considering the time and the mind she had allocated -- and the exhaustion is augmented when her son decides to do something which is unplanned and unimportant. Seldom, temper tantrum occurs when a child fails to have what he desires. Bergman (2001) counsels the parent not to give in to the child’s manipulation (p. 261). For him, temper tantrum is a sort of mechanism in which children greatly use in order for their parents to â€Å"get their own way† (Bergm an, 2001, p. 261). On the other hand, mothers vary in their response to this kind of situation. Some good mothers complain to the store manager for putting a â€Å"nag factor† (e.g., checkout aisle) in their grocery store. And some mothers talk to their children of what went wrong.

Heal hospital Essay Example for Free

Heal hospital Essay The healing hospital paradigm emphasizes the eradication of stress and other health risks in the healthcare environment for patients and visitors. The factors that influence these health risks are inherent to the setting of the hospital, not the illnesses being treated. For instance, patients become stressed because of painful therapeutic procedures, lack of social life, deterioration of financial status because of healthcare expenditures, etc. In order to guarantee that the patients well being is maintained, the amount of stress must be curtailed. Additionally, the all-inclusive care and attention components of the paradigm guarantees that the patients recovery process are utilized to the zenith without infringing upon their dignity and privacy. Instead of just simply curing the disease, the healing hospital paradigm incorporates the healing of the whole patient (Young Koopsen, 2006). This is served from the paradigms focus on healing beyond the physical body. It intends to improve the overall welfare of the individual by not only addressing the patients cognitive, emotional, and spiritual concerns, but also those of the familys (Milstein, 2005). In order to develop a healing environment, certain barrier must be overcome within the context of the hospital setting. This paper will analyze the healing hospital paradigm, recognize its significance in care giving method, portray its aspects, and depict its connections to spirituality. Healing Hospital Aspects A healing hospital goes beyond windows, walls, and mortar. Its strong culture of love and caring is what sets it apart from traditional hospitals (Chapman, 2010). The healing hospital is composed of three essential aspects. Healing Environment Hospitals should be a healing physical environment. This denotes that hospitals should be free of any physical disturbances that could potentially cause stress. These outside factors consist of excessive noise, a morbid or  dull environment, and panic-inducing disorganization. In order to diminish these external environmental factors, employees must meticulously construct an organized hospital setting that complies with the aspects of a physical healing environment. Employees are given the proper training to become successful caregivers who are cognizant in patient and family interaction. This method of interaction will help patients and families cope with their grief and deal with their concerns. By engaging all five senses, the environment is designed to establish a spiritual relationship. Stefanidakis states that by choosing the appropriate colors, human behavior will be influenced to the desired effects and psychological systems will be established (2001). For example, the color green denotes a healing and nurturing environmentone symbolizing unconditional love and growth. This is due to the fact that color has the incredible ability to trigger emotional responses such as peacefulness, irritability, or cheerfulness. Furthermore, designing the hospital interior in a manner that resembles a church or temple promotes spirituality. This can be done by including religious artifacts such as rosary beads. However, the patient must feel in control of the environment in order for stress relief to occur. This control can be achieved with lighting, temperature, etc. Integrating Technology and Work Design Technology plays a large role in the healing hospital paradigm. Its interweaving into the healing hospital structure permits staff members to work with systematic efficiency, routing work in a way that amplified the patients and familys comfort. In this more tranquil environment, patients receive much more sleep and, thus allow their bodies sufficient time to heal. Equipped with technological advancements such as cleaning machines with internal silencers and wireless phones for direct communication with the healthcare team, employees are competent in the effective use of this technology. Thus, they advocate a quiet and healing ambience. Developing a low stress environment, the staff is prone to fewer distractions. The lack of distraction leads to a decrease in common medical errors. The Culture of Loving Care Former executive of the Baptist Healing Hospital Trust Erie Chapman believes that the most important aspect of the healing hospital intertwined treatment with a significant component consisting of love, care, and empathy (Chapman, 2010). Constructing an intriguing culture in which the staff members are cognizant of their duties and are adept at unreservedly executing them through is a fundamental aspect of the healing hospital. All caregivers must advocate unconditional love for patients as well as visitors by incorporating it into their daily actions. Compassionate care through relationships in which the patient is the center is the basis on which the development of the healing hospital rests. Staff members inspire hope by exhibiting unconditional love through the utilization of compassionate care and the minimization of grief and stress levels of the patients and their families. Additionally, prayer strengthens hope and grounds the healing hospital in a spiritual relationship. Challenges of the Healing Hospital Environment As stated by Chapman (2010), there are five challenges that healing hospitals must conquer constantly. First, the growing amount of medical technology such as wires, tubes, and pharmaceuticals has monopolized healthcare to the point that healthcare professionals have forgotten the healing essentials such as the loving care method and the belief in the unification of body, mind, and spirit. Identifying the demand for, and providing balance between loving care and technology results in a raise in patient satisfaction. Next, the progression of technology has resulted in a tremendous focus on profits and market share rather than care. Although much ignored and neglected, the â€Å"Servants’ Heart† are faithful to their duty to provide Radical Loving Care; this is where leaders play an important role in â€Å"taking care of the people who take care of people† (Chapman, 2010). Thirdly, intimacy between patients and employees are often stripped as traditional hospitals and prisons partake in a type of institutionalism that destroys identity. By substituting patients clothes with hospital garments, names with identification numbers, and privacy with sharing rooms with strangers, a common institutionalism is set. Moreover, visiting hours restrictions have  the tendency to make a patient feel as though he or she is a hostage. In contrast, caregivers are often required to perform repetitive tasks with unparalleled precision. This is referred to as a bureaucracy or an organization that resembles a difficult-to-work-with machine (Chapman, 2010). In addition, cynicism is deleterious when it comes to caring for the patient. Believer or not, love should not be seen as a â€Å"nice thing† but as a â€Å"vital part† of patient’s recovery (Chapman, 2010). Healing is multi-faceted and and embodies the physical, emotional, and spiritual concerns of the patients. Lastly, leadership is a dig munificent component in patient healing. Given the opportunity and responsibility to prioritize loving care, leaders are encouraged to make sure their caregivers provide it. Biblical Passage Supporting the Concept of a Healing Hospital James 5:14-15 illustrates Jesus healing of the ill. In particular, Jesus asks if there are any ill people in the crowd. If there are, they should call for the elders of the church for an anointing with the sacred oil. This type if anointment will heal the sick because of their faith through the power of prayer (King James Version). This advocates the healing hospital paradigm since it recognizes a clear relationship between healing and prayer. This passage enforces the same belief, whereby the importance of the spiritual aspect of the healing process is brought to light. Since it is rooted in spirituality, prayer can effectively instill hope in patients and families. Though a relatively new turn in the medical profession, the healing hospital is increasingly gaining in popularity. Not only affecting the body but also the patients and familys overall well being, the patient-centric attention and care facilities provided by the hospital adds to the healing hospital paradigm in a member that highlights radical love and compassionate care. Through spirituality, the healing hospital paradigm draws on hope and coping strategies, and thus forged support for its practices from both secular and religious communities. As in scriptures, a body frees itself of sin through piety and community, and with that community comes hope and solace. References Chapman, E. (2010). Radical loving care: building the healing hospital in America. Nashville, TN: Vaughn Printing. Milstein, J. (2005). A paradigm of integrative care: healing with curing throughout life, â€Å"being with† and â€Å"doing to†. Journal of Perinatology, 25, 563-568. doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211358 Stefanidakis, S. (2001). Healing with color and the human aura. Retrieved February 11, 2011 from www.fst.org/aura2.htm Young, C., Koopsen, C. (2006). Spirituality, health, and healing (1 ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

music censorship Essay examples -- essays research papers

MUSIC CENSORSHIP, 1950 till now 1952 The Weavers are blacklisted due to the leftist political beliefs and associations of several members. In 1953 six counties in South Carolina pass legislation outlawing jukebox operation anytime when within hearing distance of a church. During 1954 Stephen Foster songs are edited for radio to remove words such as "massa" and "darky." For radio airplay the perceived drug reference "I get no kick from cocaine," is changed to "I get perfume from Spain." in Cole Porter's classic "I Get a Kick out of you." In 1955 Former radio deejay Pat Boone begins a career by releasing "sanitized" versions of black R&B hits. Boone's versions of these songs often contain edited lyrics: such as substituting "drinkin' Coca Cola" for "drinkin' wine" in T-Bone Walker's "Stormy Monday" and "Pretty little Susie is the girl for me" instead of "Boys, don't you know what she do to me" in Little Richard's "Tutti Fruitti." During 1956 ABC Radio Network bans Billie Holiday's rendition of Cole Porter's "Love for Sale" from all of its stations because of its prostitution theme. Stations continue to play instrumental versions of the song. .... The Parks Department in San Antonio, Texas, removes all rock and roll records from jukeboxes located at city swimming pools, terming it "jumpy, hot stuff" that is unsuitable for teens. ... 1957 Producers of the Ed Sullivan Show instruct cameramen to show Elvis Presley only from the waist up on his third and final appearance on the program on January 7th. Fearing the effects of the "hedonistic, tribal rhythms" of rock and roll music, in March Chicago's Cardinal Stritch bans popular music from all Catholic-run schools. ... 1958 The Mutual Broadcasting System drops all rock and roll records from its network music programs, calling it "distorted, monotonous, noisy music." ... 1962 New York Bishop Burke forbids Catholic school students from dancing to "The Twist." Burke considers R&B music, and its associated dances, to be lewd and un-Christian. 1963 The FBI begins collecting data on folk singers Phil Ochs. Ochs is one of several popular musicians to be tracked by the FBI during their careers (Bob Dylan, Jim Morrison, Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie... ...." ... The Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence forbids "Danny Boy" and other secular songs from being performed during funeral masses. ... Following the September 11th terrorist attacks, Clear Channel Communications, the largest owner of radio stations in the United States, releases a list of more than 150 "lyrically questionable"songs that stations may want to pull from their playlists. Few songs portray explicit violence, but most have metaphoric themes that ring a bit too close to the tragedies. The list, containing music from almost every genre in popular music, includes Sugar Ray's "Fly," "Jet Airliner" by Steve Miller, Nine Inch Nails'; "Head Like a Hole," AC/DC's "Shoot to Thrill" and "Highway to Hell," Pat Benatar's "Hit Me with Your Best Shot," "Dust in the Wind" by Kansas, Jerry Lee Lewis's "Great Balls of Fire," REM's "It's the End of the World as We Know It," "Only the Good Die Young" by Billy Joel, Dave Matthews Band's "Crash Into Me," "Nowhere to Run" by Martha & the Vandell as, and all songs by Rage Against The Machine.

History of Israel and the Holy Land 332 B.C. to 70 A.D. Essay

The Period from 332 B. C. to 70 A. D. refers to the age of Hellenism under the rule of Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. The period 332 B. C. marked the conquest of Judea by the Greeks, which subsequently imposed the dissemination of the Greek way of life, taxation, and economic activities designed to acquire economic gains. After the death of Alexander, his generals divided the empire and consequently fought over his empire. Judah fell under direct control of Ptolemy 1 of Egypt, but he did not seriously interfered in its religious affairs (Chapin, H. 988, Paragraph 1 Hellenism and the Roman conquest). However, after Ptolemy 1’s death, his successor was supplanted by the Seleucids of Syria, and in 175 B. C. Antiochus IV grabbed power. He then orchestrated a campaign against Judaism and in 167 B. C. he went and sacked the temple, (which was built in 520 B. C. ) of all its precious belongings. This utter desecration and gross violation of the temple motivated a successful Jewish uprising under the able leadership of Judas Maccabaeus. He then established a theocratic government, which saw the rise of the Hasmonean Dynasty under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus who was at the same time the spiritual leader,being the High Priest, and the commander-in-chief of the military. The coming of the Romans more than half a century later saw the rise of the chief priests to power and the eventual destruction of the temple in 70 A. D. in the hands of the Romans. The Second Temple 332 B. C. to 70 A. D.  The Jewish society rose to power comparable in scope to the ancient Davidic Kingdom under Hasmonean Dynasty, although both religious and political discord is soaring between the Pharisees, who were the interpreters of the written law and the Sadducees, the aristocratic priestly class who implements strict obedience to the written law. However, with the coming of the Romans in 65 B. C. Jerusalem fell in the hands of the Romans, which ended the eighty years of independent Jewish sovereignty and heralded the period of Roman domination of Israel, which began just the same period. The Romans appointed Herod, an Idumaean, as a puppet king of Judah. His appointment as king of the Jews was subsequently confirmed by the Roman Senate in 37 B. C. He then rebuilt and magnified the platform of the temple and constructed many important buildings such as palaces, theater, citadel, hippodrome, and agora modeled after both the Hellenistic and Roman architecture. An internet article published by Planet Ware . com entitled Jerusalem, Israel cited that after Herod’s death in 4 B.  C. Jerusalem was under the care of the high priests, which was under Roman Procurators (Planet Ware, Par. 2). Chapin noted that Rome granted the Jew religious autonomy as well as some legislative and judicial rights through the Sanhedrin (Chapin, par. 5, Hellenism and the Roman Conquest). The second temple played a great role in the so-called â€Å"city of the high priest† that is, referring to the prominence of the Jewish religious leaders during this time. The Great Sanhedrin made the temple mount in Jerusalem the seat of both the religious and judicial powers vested upon them by the Roman Procurators. Their scope of authority includes religious, political, and legal authority such as trying a high priest, supervising certain rituals, and even declaring war (Chapin). This religious and judicial body was primarily composed of priestly Sadducees, which may be numbering of about seventy-one sages. The Sanhedrin’s control and judicial authority ended with the rise to power of Agrippa 1 in 41 to 44 B. C. The grand son of Herod 1 the Great, Agrippa 1 extended the city northward by constructing the third wall. However, the fanatical sect of the Jewish nationalist movement known as the zealot challenged the Roman control of Judah in A. D. 66. This uprising brought the Roman legions to a protracted siege, which was carried out by Vespasian, the Roman commander in Judah. The revolt however was crushed by his son Titus in A. D. 70 and Jerusalem and the second temple was destroyed by the Romans (Chapin) Hellenism and the Jews (Evaluations and Commendations) Hellenization, according to an internet article entitled â€Å"Celtic† and Medeterranean Interaction is the process by which non-Greeks were made more or less Greeks, assimilated into Greek culture if not acculturated. The article noted that the extent of Hellenization during the time of Alexander reach even further to the lands of the Barbarians (Celtic and Mideterranean Interaction). The article cited that Greeks abroad carried with them any thing that could help in advancing Greekness and they were more emphatically consciously Greeks and built cities and towns introducing urban structures and new ideas. Chapin pointed out that despite of the strong emphasis on priestly rule and Judaism, Jewish society was greatly influenced by the Greek Hellenism, particularly cities like Jerusalem, except in their adherence to monotheistic faith. However, life in the provinces and rural areas was comparatively unchanged (Chapin). Jerusalem subtly yet speedily adopted the Greek culture particularly the Greek language, games and sports, and even the early literature of the new faith, Christianity (Chapin, Par. ). According to an internet article entitled The Impact of Hellenism on the Jews, though Hellenism was neither offensive nor beneficial yet it poses serious challenge to Judaism (Old Testament History, Par. 1). The article noted that Hellenistic culture presents serious threats to Judaism in the same way that idolatry of the Canaanites neighbor of the Pre-Exilic Israel served as a great temptation, which had caused their nation’s destruction and later Diasporas. The impact of Hellenism on Post Exilic Israel was difficult them to resist in remaining true to their faith as Hellenism offers relief from laborious struggle for existence. Hellenism viewed life as a continuous series of social festivities, comforts, and ease. It was under Hellenistic period that public places for eating and bathing was offered to the public with customary music of strings such as the harp (O. T. History, par. 7) which today may be characterized by the restaurants and public swimming pools. Great public libraries, potential economic opportunities, and sophisticated Greek education would have strong appeal to may nobler Jews and merchants, which made the Hellenistic way of life easily acceptable. On the other hand, conservative Jews particularly Palestinian Jews were not impressed by the social and cultural advances brought about by Hellenism, courtesy of the Greeks. These conservatives despised the Hellenized Jews on the grounds that they had compromised their religion. An internet article entitled The Church History cited that the Hellenized Jews were forbidden in the temple rather they were directed to attend Greek-speaking synagogues to hear and understand the Torah being read in Greek as they could no longer speak nor understand Hebrew. The purpose therefore, of Hellenization was to assimilate every culture, or the acculturation of every nation’s culture under one culture, the Greek culture, is not only a brilliant idea or military strategy if indeed it can be categorized in that way, rather, it is highly advance idea designed to rule the world in utmost peace and economic prosperity. This impact could have changed the course of history had Alexander livelonger than he had lived. It cannot be denied that the influence of Hellenism still benefits today’s generations and the idea of hellenization still dominates the society in many ways. Interpretation Hellenism was a subtle way of conquering the world. Alexander may have conquered much of the known world during his time but his military and political leadership did not live long enough to achieve what he desired, to conquer the world. Perhaps Hellenism was intended by Alexander for a peaceful conquest. Indeed, his model Hellenistic community in Alexandria, Egypt was meant to attract the known civilizations of the benefit of Hellenization. True to his intention, the world was conquered by the Greeks not by swords and spears or by sheer military force but by festivities, by cultural and educational advancement, and by economic opportunities Hellenism offers. Today, the Greek influence still remains after thousands of years in many aspects of the social and cultural life, including arts. Hellenization can be compared to the idea of the democracy promoted by the remaining super power of the world today. By Hellenizing the known world, Alexander can build an alliance with many countries just like the idea of democracy. In other words the same concept in promoting democracy lies in the Hellenization. It symbolized the hegemonic power of Greece under the leadership of Alexander the Great. Conclusions The history of Israel from 332 B. C. up to 70 A. D. as a monument of Greece’ rise to power, and dominance of the world, at the height of their glory, as well as the marks of Israel’s resurgence to power which they so longed, under the Hasmonean dynasty, although this period marks both rise and fall of the three nations involve, its most important contribution in human civilizations was the spread of Hellenism, which truly brought not only economic benefits, but also culturally and socially, and the developments of sports. Hellenism has brought much contribution that even the generation of today is benefiting. The many borrowed words that help us understand meanings of the fast events are just one of the many benefits of Hellenization. Hellenization therefore symbolizes the hegemony of the Greek nation as well as Alexander’s desire to rule the world in peace and in prosperity as by acculturation and assimilation, it would have mean no boundaries or no enemies, rather it promotes unity and cooperation among nations. The blessings of democracy that we now enjoy may be compare to the blessings of Hellenism had Alexander livelonger.

Elementary English In Overcrowded Classes Education Essay

Learning Elementary English in Overcrowded Classes for True Beginners at Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) . Santana, Isaias, 2010: The proposal, NOVA Southeastern University, Fischler School of Education and Human Services. Learning/Overcrowded Classes/Large Classes/ True Beginners/ False Beginners/Educational Research. The intent of this survey will be to find if there are differences in larning simple English for true novices in overcrowded categories, and if the application of 5 pedagogycal learning tecniques will better the learning acquisition procedure. This research will compare 2 set of groups of overcrowded schoolrooms ( experimental and traditional ) utilizing 5 learning tecniques with 2 groups of ideal categories in which the 5 learning techniques will be applied to see if there are a important difference in the learning procedure of true novices in overcrowded categories. Findingss will be based on standardised achievement trial of the method Standard that these pupils use in simple English categories at UASD. Table of Contentss Chapter 1: Introduction aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ 4 Nature of the job aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦.4 Background and significance of the job aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.5 Purpose of the survey aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦6 Research inquiries aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..6 Null hypothesis aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦7 Hypothesis aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..7 Definitions of termsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦7 Chapter 2: Reappraisal of the literature aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦.12 Surveies based on overcrowded categories aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦10 Negative effects of overcrowded classesaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦10 Techniques to learn overcrowded categories aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..14 Chapter 3: MethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 17 Participants aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ 17 Instruments aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ 17 Procedures aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦ . 17 Restrictions of the studyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.19 Anticipated results aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.19 Timeline aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 19 Evaluation program aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦19 Implementation matrix aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ .21 Mentions Chapter 1: Introduction Learning to pass on in English is of a great importance for the pupils of the modern linguistic communication calling at Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) . However, the sum of pupils enrolled in the university is over 160, 000 which makes most of the classs to be overcrowded. This state of affairs goes to detriment of the acquisition procedure, specifically, in the simple degrees in which the pupils should hold on the footing to get the hang the linguistic communication. For that ground, it is required to look into the effects of overcrowded categories in the acquisition procedure to acquire feasible solutions to the teaching-learning procedure of the English linguistic communication in order to place learning techniques that help to better the proficiency of the pupils in simple English categories. Nature of the job Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo ( UASD ) is the public university of the Dominican Republic which has faced a encouragement in the registration of pupils every twelvemonth due to the fact that going a unmarried man or acquiring a unmarried man grade is the demand to acquire a nice occupation chance in the state. Therefore, pupils in the Dominican Republic at the minute of analyzing at the university degree have two ways. One is traveling to a private university, and the other 1 is traveling to the populace university which has a figure of features, such as prestigiousness, tradition, low tuition, and subdivisions around the state among other elements. These features make UASD really attractive for most Black friars at the minute of taking a university. As a consequence, the figure of pupils has increased over160, 000. This sum of pupils has been maintained from 2007 to 2009 harmonizing to the statistic office of the university. For this ground, the professors of the Languages D epartment have to work with categories from 30 to over 50 pupils. This fact has made the instruction procedure hard to manage, so this state of affairs is damaging for the teaching-learning procedure in the simple English degrees in which true novices struggle to hold on the minimal cognition of the English linguistic communication in order to go through the degree, but non to larn the linguistic communication decently. Therefore, the intent of this research will be to find the troubles in larning simple English in overcrowded categories for true novices at UASD ( Santo Domingo ) in order to implement learning techniques to better the acquisition procedure. Background and significance of the job UASD is the public university of the Dominican Republic which in 1966 changed its doctrine to an unfastened and critical university for the multitudes ( Cuello et al. , 2007 ) . This doctrine and the demand of acquiring a grade made the enrolment rate triple the sum of pupils from 1995 to 2004 ( Brea, 2004 ) . In the last three old ages, the university maintained the figure of pupils over 160,000 from the twelvemonth 2007 to 2009 harmonizing to the statistic office of this university. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo Planning University Office Old ages 2007-1 2008-1 2009-1 Entire 166, 228 166, 603 166, 818 These Numberss represent the sum of the pupils in the first semesters of these old ages. As a consequence, the categories in the university have to be arranged over 50 pupils per subdivision harmonizing to the assignment plan of this university. The Languages Department is non the exclusion to this tendency of overcrowded categories ; so the simple English categories are allowed to be overcrowded which hampers the teaching-learning procedure of pupils. Harmonizing to Slavin ( 1989 ) showed that advantages of a decreased category size are more evident when the figure of pupils in the category was fewer than 20, ideally between 15 to 19. Therefore, this research will show that English Learners who are true novices at UASD ( Santo Domingo ) face troubles in larning English decently to use learning techniques to better the acquisition procedure. This research will be carried out with the Elementary English degrees of the modern linguistic communication calling at UASD, and the consequences will assist to understand the acquisition procedure that true novices face analyzing in overcrowded categories. Furthermore, this research will give possible solutions or penetrations to the Dominican Republic and other topographic points around the universe where the conditions are similar in order to better the teaching-learning procedure. Purpose of the survey The intent of this survey will be to find if there are differences in larning simple English for true novices in overcrowded categories, and if the application of 5 pedagogycal learning tecniques will better the learning acquisition procedure. Therefore, this survey will compare true novices in overcrowded traditional schoolrooms with true novices in overcroweded schoolrooms in which a set of predetermine learning techniques will be applied. These consequences will be compared with true novices in an ideal schoolrooms in which the same set of predetermine set of learning techniques will be applied to understad if the application of predetermine pedagogycal techniques will hold an impact in the teaching-learning procedure of true novices in overcrowded categories. Research inquiries 1. Is there a important difference in tonss between true novices in traditional overcrowded categories and true novices in overcrowded categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied? 2. How do true novices who are in traditional overcrowded categories score in comparing with pupils in ideal categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction teachniques are applied? 3. Is there a important difference in tonss between true novices in overcroweded categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied and true novices in ideal categories in which 5 pedagogical instruction techniques are applied? Null hypothesis There will be no important differences between the tonss of true novices in the intervention groups ( overcrowded and ideal categories ) and true novices of the control of the control groups ( traditional overcrowded categories ) after the intercession. Hypothesis There will be important differences between the tonss of true novices in the control groups ( traditional overcrowded categories ) and true novices in the intervention groups ( overcrowded and ideal categories ) after the intercession. Definitions of footings In this thesis will be used footings that need to be explained in order to avoid any uncertainties in the reading of this research. The followerss are: Learning. Though the old ages, many bookmans have given different definitions of the construct depending on their school of idea. In this research will be reviewed the most outstanding definitions in order to follow the definition of the construct that will be used throughout the research. The followerss definitions are: Harmonizing to Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) , the modern behavioural attack to larning merged from the scholarship of Skinner and his Followings. The behavioural attack defines larning as a changed in behavior brought approximately by experience with virtually no concern for the mental or internal procedures of think ( Hoy and Miskel, 2005, p41 ) . Therefore, in this school of idea can be perceived that larning alterations the behaviour of the pupils. Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) points out that the cognitive attack perceives larning as an active mental procedure of thought, acquisition, retrieving, making and job resolution. Therefore, this attack defines larning as an internal mental activity that can be observed straight through apprehension, retrieving and utilizing new information logically. The societal constructivist attack perceives larning as a procedure in which the pupils have to be actively involved to detect rules, constructs and facts for themselves, Hence, the importance of promoting guessing and intuitive thought in scholars ( Brown et al. 1989 ; Ackerman 1996 ) . Furthermore, other pedagogues in the constructivist field agree that people get intending thru the interactions among them and with the environment around them. For that ground, they believe that cognition is a merchandise built by human existences thru societal and cultural interaction ( Ernest 1991 ; Prawat and Floden 1994 ) In the constructive field, McMahon ( 1997 ) besides states that larning is a societal procedure. Besides, he says that larning non merely is developed in our heads, nor is it a inactive act of our behaviour formed by external forces. He extrongly believes that meaningful acquisition appears when human existences are involved in societal activities. Another point of position in the same dogma is stated by Vygotsky ( 1978 ) in which he besides highlighted the convergence of the societal and practical elements in acquisition by stating that the most important minute in the class of rational development occurs when address and practical activity, two antecedently wholly independent lines of development, converge. Therefore, through practical activity a kid constructs intending on an intrapersonal degree, while speech connects this significance with the interpersonal word shared by the kid and her/his civilization. The term acquisition can be viewed or defined depending on the point of position that is adopted for its reading. Other bookmans that have given a definition to this construct are: Woolfok ( 1999 ) , and Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) expresses that larning occurs when experience produces a comparatively lasting alteration in the person ‘s cognition or behaviour, alteration that can be deliberated or non, to acquire better or worse. Another definition is given by Brown ( 2000 ) who perceives this construct in a complex manner impossible to be summarized in a simple definition. Therefore, he shows each one of larning ‘s features, such as acquisition or acquiring, keeping of information or accomplishments, cognitive organisation, memory, witting focal point on and moving upon, comparatively lasting but capable to forgetting, reinforced pattern, and a alteration in behaviour. In this research, acquisition is understood to be a complex construct. However, the definition that will be taken along the probe is the one given by Hoy and Miskel ( 2005 ) in which they perceive that larning happens when experience produces a stable alteration in person ‘s cognition or behaviour. Overcrowded categories. This term is besides referred as big categories. For that ground, it will be defined utilizing the facts given in some articles: In an article online Paulsen ( 2006 ) shows the determination in which The Vancouver Secondary Teachers ‘ Association provinces that a schoolroom with more than 30 pupils is overcrowded. Therefore, it exceeds new provincial bounds. Another article in which the term overcrowded categories is used to show that a category with more than 25 is Overcrowded categories haltering Kerry childs ( 2008 ) in which a Killarney Town Council member, Sean O'Grady told: There is no maximal size for categories in Ireland but it should be reduced, as a affair of utmost urgency, to the European norm which is 25 per category and 15 per category where there is chronic disadvantage. In this research, it will be assumed that an ideal category is composed of less than 20 pupils as it was stated by Slavin ( 1989 ) . Therefore, it will be assumed that an overcrowded category is composed by more than 24 pupils in a schoolroom. False Beginners. There are many definitions of false novices which can give an thought of the construct. One of them is the definition given by Macmillan English Dictionary â€Å" false novices have some apprehension of the rudimentss of English, but they can non utilize it really good. They may give the feeling that they know small or nil of the linguistic communication † . Another bookman who gives a definition of this construct is Helgesen ( 1987 ) in which he states that false novices understand the footing of the linguistic communication and can be involved in activites which need some truth of the linguistic communication. However, they have limited accomplishments in the linguistic communication when they are involved in activites that need eloquence of the linguistic communication to be developed. Harmonizing to Richards, et Al. ( 1985 ) , false novices are pupils who have had some sort of direction in the linguistic communication, but they have developed limited linguistic communication proficiency. For that, ground, they have been classified at the get downing degree. False novice pupils can be compared with true novice pupils, as true novices do non hold any cognition of the linguistic communication to be studied. The term has besides been studied in Japan due to the large sum of pupils that they receive each term. Harmonizing to Peaty ( 1987 ) , false novices are those pupils that enter a university in Japan usually with a background of six old ages of school English based on the survey of grammar and interlingual rendition of sentences. However, the true novices have ne'er learned or have wholly forgotten. For that ground, this writer explains that false novice pupils in Japan knows a batch of English, so they can utilize this cognition to develop litsening and speech production accomplishments which were neglected at school. True novices The term true novice is defined in the MacMillan Dictionary as pupils who know perfectly nil about English and hold had small or no contact with the linguistic communication. Therefore, for this probe a true novice is the pupil that has non been exposed to the linguistic communication earlier. Chapter 2: Reappraisal of the Literature This research will analyse the effects of overcrowded categories in simple English degrees in the learning procedure of true novices. The subject of overcrowded categories is non new and it has appeared many articles around the universe which denounce the damaging effects in the teaching-learning procedure. However, a few surveies have been dedicated to analyse overcrowded categories. This reappraisal of the literature will be presented in two parts. The first portion will demo the surveies and articles based on overcrowded categories, and the 2nd portion will show techniques to learn overcrowded categories. Surveies on overcrowded categories Research has shown that the advantages of a decreased category size are more evident when the figure of pupils in the category was fewer than 20, ideally from 15 to 19. In a 1989 Slavin survey, categories of fewer than 20 pupils were compared to well larger categories, and pupils in both groups were comparable in demographics and educational ability. Therefore, Slavin ( 1989 ) found that decreased category size had a little positive consequence on pupils that did non prevail after their decreased category experience. Another research is the Tennessee ‘s Project STAR ( Student-Teacher Achievement Ratio ) spent four old ages looking at kindergarten, first- , second- , and third-grade schoolrooms, which began in 1985. STAR compared categories of 13 to 17 pupils with categories of 22 to 26 pupils. Participating instructors did non have any professional preparation on learning reduced-size categories, and were indiscriminately assigned to the categories. The survey included 79 schools, more than 300 schoolrooms and 7,000 pupils. The consequences of the experiment showed that pupils in the smaller categories outperformed those in the larger categories on both standardized and curriculum-based trials. This was true for white and minority pupils in smaller categories and for smaller category pupils from inner-city, urban, suburban, and rural schools. These consequences have besides been supported by Hanushek ( 1994 ) . In the United States, in 1999 Vice President Al Gore criticized the pattern of â€Å" crowding all pupils into overcrowded, factory manner high schools † and Education Secretary Richard Riley suggested cut downing school size to turn to issues of pupil disaffection. Riley told the National Press Club that the state needs to â€Å" make little, supportive acquisition environments that give pupils a sense of connexion. That ‘s difficult to make when we are constructing high schools the size of shopping promenades. Size affairs. † ( Gore and Riley cited in Mitchell, 2000, p.12 ) . Furthermore, Winerip ( 2003 ) in an article for the New York Times states that public schools opened in New York studies of widespread schoolroom overcrowding. Another article with denounces about this subject is written by Rezonable ( 2007 ) in which he mentions that the California State University is confronting jobs with overcrowded English categories for freshers every bit good as in Chicago where Chicago Public Schools have ordered all 595 of its schools to convey category sizes under control and the Chicago Teachers Union has vowed to look into herding ailments Dell ‘ Angela ( 2005 ) . The same state of affairs is stated in Ireland in an article of The Kingdom ( 2008 ) in Which Killarney Town Council member, Sean O'Grady, show that 20.5 per cent Kerry pupils learn in categories of 30 or more, in blunt contrast to European norm of merely 25 per category in countries of chronic dis-advantage. O'Grady has called for politicians in the county to take stock of where they stand in relation to category size and the status of the adjustment of the schoolroom. Furthermore, another article from Vancouver denounces troubles of larning in overcrowded categories. This article written by Paulsen ( 2006 ) shows that a survey finds 30,000 Vancouver pupils are in overcrowded categories. Negative effects of overcrowded categories There are many bookmans who have spoken about the negative effects of overcrowded categories on pupils ‘ academic public presentation, such as Snow ( 2000 ) in the McGill Tribune in which he expresses that harmonizing to his learning experience, in big, particularly overcrowded categories, pupils do non make every bit good as those in little categories. He besides states that pupils learn more in little categories and Markss tend to be better. However, in big categories, the lone thing a instructor can make is to talk. The instructor can non hold much treatment with pupils. Another article that mentions the negative consequence of overcrowded categories in California is The Crisis ( 2008 ) . This article states that pupils in overcrowded schools pay less attending, achieve less, and experience more force. Furthermore, Konare ( 1994 ) in the English Teaching Forum states that the first job concerns the existent engagement of all the pupils in the reading activities set by the instructor. What happens all excessively frequently in big ( overcrowded ) categories, when the replies to comprehension undertakings are given orally, is that the activity is dominated by a little minority of the best pupils. Most of the category does non even hold adequate clip to complete reading, allow entirely to explicate their replies, before the quick, bright, or pushful few are beckoning their weaponries about and coercing the gait of the lesson, forcing the instructor to name on them to reply. Furthermore, Konare ( 1994 ) states that the defeat of the weaker pupils causes them to choose out of more and more reading activities cognizing that they will non hold clip to finish them and most probably will non be asked to reply. Therefore, the spread between the few best pupils and the soundless bulk widens s teadily, even though the instructor is puting the right kind of undertakings to develop all the pupils in the reading procedure. The instructor may be cognizant that many pupils are non take parting, but the instructor may experience it is their mistake because of their degree. In add-on to the troubles mentioned above, Hughes ( 2006 ) in an article for the English Teaching Forum states that a well-known and relentless job with learning English as a Foreign Language ( EFL ) in overcrowded categories is the deficiency of resources, and that such conditions are an mundane world for many instructors around the universe. However, he found the challenges in Indonesia to be about overpowering. Finally, UNC Charlotte Faculty Center for Teaching ( 2000 ) lists the types of challenges to learn a big ( overcrowded ) category. These challenges are the followerss: 1. Paperwork which means that instructors have to look into assigments, grade tests, fix lesson programs, fix their categories, etc. 2. Deal with distractions in the schoolroom, such as pupils ‘ speaking, acquiring late, and go forthing early. 3. Learn pupils ‘ names in order to take attending, actuate them to take part in category, motivate pupils to make assigments on clip, 4. Lack of flexibleness in category activities at the minute of altering activities, making group work and actuating critical thought and composing accomplishments. 5. Divers pupils ‘ degrees and background. On the other manus, pupils in overcrowded categories besides experience of import challenges in their acquisition, particularly if they are new to the college experience. These include: 1. Trouble to understand wheather information is relevant. 2. Doubtful at the minute of inquiring inquiries and in some instances demoing deficiency of cognition. 3. Uncomfortable to be smart in forepart of schoolmates ( the swot expletive ) . 4. Trouble to pull off clip to analyze and miss of accomplishments necessary for success. 5. The usage of namelessness to dispute authorization and to force boundaries. Techniques to learn overcrowded categories Harmonizing to Duppenthaler ( 2000 ) overcrowded categories are non needfully something to fear. However, instructors face a figure of challenges, such as identifying pupils among several overcrowded categories at the same clip, supervising pupils ‘ single advancement, placing pupils ‘ single linguistic communication strengths and failings, being able to react to the pupils as persons, with involvements outside the schoolroom. Duppenthaler ( 2000 ) presents a manner to work out these challenges of big categories. Therefore, he has created exposure axial rotation cards which are a fluctuation on the standard axial rotation book, and they are really effectual in placing, monitoring, recording, and reacting to pupils. Therefore, they make larning and learning more effectual and more gratifying. UNC Charlotte Faculty Center for Teaching ( 2000 ) describes some options to utilize Technology in a assortment of ways in big or overcrowded categories. These options are the followerss: 1. To utilize power point or a similar plan to do presentations in category. This allows teacher to show lineations, and lists of cardinal constructs. 2. To utilize Excel or a similar plan to pull off category lists. 3. To fix a set up a category newsgroup or an electronic mail list ( through listserv ) , Students can inquire inquiries and acquire aid from other pupils. 4. To make a class web site that contains pattern jobs, replies to try test inquiries or prep, a glossary of footings, etc. 5. To make a searchable trial bank of inquiries ( utilizing FileMaker Pro, for illustration ) . This is particularly utile when you have to give multiple versions of the same inquiries. 6. To widen your office hours through electronic mail. 7. To give quizzes or trials. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Participants UASD is the public university of the Dominican Republic, and the figure of pupils from 2007 to 2009 is over 166,000 harmonizing to the statistics office of the university. This sum of pupils has made that most of the subdivisions in this university are overcrowded. Therefore, the linguistic communications section is non the exclusion to this tendency, so most of the subdivisions of Elementary English 1 have increased to 50 or more pupils per subdivision which hampers the learning learning procedure of these pupils. Another of import feature to this research is that the pupils in these English subdivisions are Dominicans, and many of them have small or no cognition of the English linguistic communication Instruments The information will be collected through a pre-test to find the degree of the pupils. This pre-test will demo whether the pupils are true or false novices whereas a post-test will be used to find the pupils ‘ degree at the terminal of the procedure which will demo whether there are troubles or non for the pupils who study under these conditions. These trials will be prepared by the research worker following the plan of the university for simple English 1. Procedures To find the effects of larning English in overcrowded categories, it will be prepared a quasi-experimental survey in which will be selected three groups composed of two subdivisions each. These groups will be called Group A, Group B, Group C. The first group or Group A will be composed of two subdivisions of overcrowded categories which will be taught in a traditional manner, and it will be given a pre-test to find the true and false novices. Finally, the post-test will bespeak how the true novices learn under this status. The 2nd group or Group B will be two subdivisions of overcrowded categories in which will be used the intervention or techniques to learn overcrowded categories. These two subdivisions will be given a pre-test to find the true and false novices, and a post-test to obtain the consequences of how the true novices learn under these techniques. The 3rd group or Group C will be two subdivisions of ideal categories composed from 15 to 20 pupils in which will be used the learning techniques chosen for Group B. These subdivisions will be given a pre-test to find which pupils are false and true novices. Finally, these subdivisions will have a post-test which will demo how the true novices learn under these learning techniques. Furthermore, all the groups will be observed and the research worker will non upset them while working, for their professors will give the pupils the pre-test and station trial, and the pupils will comprehend those tests as portion of the learning acquisition procedure. Another point for this research is that the techniques used in the experimental groups ( A and B ) will be chosen and explained by the research worker to the professors. Some of the techniques to be used are: A web log page in the cyberspace which allows the pupils to pattern the English linguistic communication. Radio and Cadmiums to work the lessons. Electronic mail to direct their prep to pattern short composing at the pupils ‘ degree. Movies for the pupils to place words and constructions at the pupils ‘ degree. Cooperative group work activities in category. Restrictions Some of the restraints that can be encountered are that the pupils at the minute of taking the pre-test are nervous and their mark will be different in footings of their cognition or that some of them miss the pre-test. Another issue can be that some of the pupils do non cognize how to utilize the cyberspace. Anticipated Results This research will demo the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories which will assist educational establishments and pedagogues in the Dominican Republic and around the universe in which the English linguistic communication is taught in similar conditions to form the simple English degrees to relieve the teaching-learning procedure of true novices. Timeline The construct paper will be presented every bit shortly as NOVA ‘s registration missive will be received that should be in August 2009. Thus, after the credence of the construct paper, the proposal will be submitted three month subsequently to the commission. For that ground, the proposal will be presented in January 2010. Once the proposal will be accepted which is hoped to be in September 2010. The applied thesis will be finished in May 2011. Evaluation program This research will be a quasi-experimental survey in which will be selected three groups composed of two subdivisions each. First, the professors will hold an debut workshop in which they will go acquainted with the intervention to be applied. In all the groups will be given a pre-test to find the pupils ‘ degree ( either true or false novices ) , and the professors of these groups will be in charge of giving the test to the pupils. After that, these informations will be analysed by the research worker. Then, the execution of the plan will be observed and notes will be taken during the execution face that will last 14 hebdomads. Furthermore, during the intercession, the professors will hold three workshops in which will be discussed subjects related to the techniques to be applied, possible alterations to the plan, and the professors ‘ perceptual experiences. Finally, the consequences will be collected with a station trial ; these informations will be analysed by the rese arch worker to finish successfully the applied thesis. Execution Matrix Time Terminal Aims Procedure Aims Activities Actor Evaluation First hebdomad 1st Workshop to the professors Learn and discourse the different techniques to be used The research worker Use a pre and station study to happen out the professors ‘ perceptual experience First hebdomadDetermine the pupils ‘ degree ( true novices or false novices )Give the stuff to the professorThe professora pre-test First hebdomadDetermine the pupils ‘ degree ( true novices or false novicesQuantify and sort the informationsThe research workerUse statistical methods- computing machine -programs-etc 1st -13th hebdomadExecution of the planUse of web log page in the cyberspace which allows the pupils to pattern the English linguistic communication. Radio and Cadmiums to work the lessons. Electronic mail to direct their prep to pattern short composing at the pupils ‘ degree. Movies for the pupils to place words and constructions at the pupils ‘ degree. Cooperative group work activities The professor 1st to 13th hebdomad Determine the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories Determine the true novices ‘ public presentation in simple English degrees in overcrowded categoriesExecution of the planTravel to the schoolroomsThe research workerTake notes 4th hebdomad2nd workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experience and their thoughts about new techniquesThe research workerUse questionnaires to happen out the professors ‘ perceptual experiences 9th hebdomad3rd workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experienceThe research workerTake notes about professors ‘ perceptual experiences 13th hebdomad4th workshop to the ProfessorsDiscus about The professors ‘ experience and hereafters programs utilizing the techniques implementedThe research workerTake notes about instructors ‘ perceptual experiences 14th hebdomadDetermine the consequencesGive the station trial to the pupilsThe professorPost trial 14th hebdomad Determine the effects of larning simple English in overcrowded categories Determine the true novices ‘ public presentation in simple English degrees in overcrowded categories Determine the consequences and the informations will be contrasted among the groups Quantify and sort the informationsThe research workerUse statistical methods- computing machine -programs- etc