A Dolls House - Henrik Ibsen Essay Example for Free

A Dolls House Henrik Ibsen EssayHenrik Ibsens in one of his most rotatory plays, A Dolls House, filled his set and narrative with symbols that emphasised the idea that above everything, one must be an individual. Doors, macaroons and the tarantella ar all symbols that ar employ by Ibsen to convey to the audience that the life of Nora and Torvald isnt what it seems to the naked eye. The doorsteps in the dolls house set, are emphasised, to symbolise the separate worlds Nora and Torvald live in the illusive macaroons symbolise the bear Torvald has over his wife and the wild tarantella dance is symbolic of Noras desire to escape from her restricted and heavily defined existence. Doors in A Dolls House are not just a wooden blocks that can be used as a thoroughfare between rooms they are used to separate between the two different spheres, Noras sphere and Torvalds sphere. All throughout the play, Nora never enters her husbands world. Guests for Torvald were instructed to not come in here (Noras living room), and they went on into Torvalds study. As Krogstad slammed the door on the way out of his house, Noras world was smashed into a million shards of tiny fragile pieces. The character of Nora is sent into a spiral of depression, anxiety and out-right daftness that turned a seemingly normal dance into a 19th coke movement of loaded emotions.The macaroons that Nora possesses in the beginning of the play are much than just a common snack. Nora has the macaroons in the early stages of the play, with Torvald around. They give the audience the knowledge of Noras child-like behaviour and emotions. All through A Dolls House, Torvald treats Nora like an inexperienced child, and the macaroons are one of many indications of this. She offers it to guests as they enter her world, but not to her husband, in which she hides them from him. The child-like behaviour is also witnessed in the scene where Nora is play with her children, calling them little dolls and p laying with them like they are her fri demolitions and shes not their mother. This child-like behaviour was encouraged by Torvald, by simple nicknames, such as skylark and mockingbird, to make Nora be more jejune towards Torvald and keeping her youthfulness that he liked so much.The infamous dance, the tarantella, was an expression of the oppressed society that woman had to go through in the 19th century. The tarantella was used to convey emotions that woman couldnt express in normal, everyday life. They used raw energy to express that raw emotion. In A Dolls House, Nora uses, just as other woman have, to express and release the oppressed emotion that was given by Torvald towards her. In the scene where Nora is dancing for Torvald as practice of the dance and Dr. invest comes in, Torvald keeps telling Nora to stop it and do it as I said. Nora is completely oblivious to Torvald and keeps on dancing in her own style. Dr. Rank comes in and takes over Torvalds mathematical function a s piano player to fuel the flame that Nora was burning. The dance becomes more and more wild as the scene progresses, until the music stops and Nora is just still. The oppressive moment of woman in the 19th century created this dance.A Dolls House uses this symbols of child-like behaviour, different worlds and an oppressed dance to show the audience that the world of the 19th century wasnt a blissful place where men and woman were equal in everything they had rights to, like they do now. Torvald showed that he was a man of conformity and tried his opera hat to bend his family into the social norms of the time. Torvald never let Nora have her way and treated her like a child, making her regress into one and even making her be his child. She was scared to wrong by her husband, even hiding a simple sweet from him so he wouldnt find out that she was eating it.By the end of A Dolls House , Nora grows up. After the problems arisen by Krogstad, she learns that her husband isnt her saviou r anymore and she doesnt love him. The party ended when Torvald wanted to leave. Nora got home and changed out of her formal attire, and into out-of-door wear, making Torvald wonder, Why are you dressed like that? The taking off of her formal clothes gives the impression that Nora is now taking off her old life, her oppressed life, and starting afresh. After an emotional discussion with Torvald, she ends up leaving him and the children. Walking out of her house, through the door, again is symbolising the end of something. This time its Noras life with Torvald. As the door closes, this time its Torvald who breaks down, mirroring Noras emotions when Krogstad leaves theletter in the letter box.Symbolisation is a major part in any play, even more so in A Dolls House. The emotion scenes with Nora, Torvald, Dr. Rank and even Krogstad wouldnt be the same without objects such as the doors or macaroons, or the two different spheres dividing Noras world and Torvalds. The dance itself plays a vital role of showing emotion without the notice of Noras own husband. Without such devices, A Dolls House wouldnt be the same revolutionary play that we see immediately it would just be mere words on a page.BibliographyA Dolls House Henrik Ibsen

Planning Definition Essay Example for Free

Planning Definition EssayPlanning means looking ahead and chalking out sequence to come courses of biteion to be followed. It is a propaedeutic step. It is a musical arrangementatic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action. It is rightly said wellhead plan is half done. Therefore planning takes into consideration available prospective valet and physical resources of the organization so as to get rough-and-ready co-ordination, persona perfect adjustment. It is the basic vigilance function which includes formulation of one or to a greater extent detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources.According to Urwick, Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in modulately way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses.Planning is decision fashioning best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals. According to Koontz ODonell, Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we atomic number 18 to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to draw which would not otherwise occur. Steps in Planning FunctionEstablishment of objectivesEstablishment of Planning PremisesChoice of alternative course of actionFormulation of derivative plansSecuring Co-operation embrace up/Appraisal of plansPlanning Importance in attentionPlanning may be broadly defined as a concept of administrator action that embodies the skill of anticipating, influencing, and controlling the nature and direction of change. McFarland Importance of PlanningPlanning increases the organizations ability to adapt to future eventualitiesPlanning helps crystallize objectivesPlanning ensures a relatedness among decisionsPlanning helps the company to remain more competitiv e in its industryAdequate planning reduces unnecessary pressures of immediacyPlanningreduces mistakes and oversightsPlanning ensures a more productive use of the organizations resources Planning makes control easierPlanning enables the identification of future problems and makes it possible to deliver the goods for such contingencies Planning enables the identification of future problems and makes it possible to provide for such contingencies Planning increases the effectiveness of a manager2.Evolution of Classical Approach to ManagementTraditional process of learning is either through obsevation and experiment. Nature or environment is considered uniform and when we observe certain phenomenon or events uniformly leading to the same result or results, we conclude a cause and effect kind between the two. This is learning by observation or in other words by experience. Earlier thinkers on management followed this come out in growing theories of management. Learning principally is through emphirical process and through analysis of the data collected through observation. Draw the principles of managment by looking at and anyalysing the jobs that all managers unremarkably do.This onward motion served as a starting point for pioneers on management science to verify the validity and improve the applicability of the principles and practices of management. Analysis of observd data is what conciliate a case study. The observational method of case study helps arriving at logical conclusions about past experience and to test the same as standards for future events. The German sociolists, Max Weber followed the absolute approach and developed his theory of Bureaucracy, which portrays the structure anddesign of organisation charqacterised by a hierarchy of authority, formalised rules and regulations that serve to take to the woods the coordinated functioning of an organization.Basic Postulates of the Classical Approach by Max Weber1. Management of an organization i s considered as a chain of inter-related functions. The study of the range of mountains and features of these functions, the sequence through which these be performed and their inter-relationship leads one to draw principles of management suitable for universal diligence 2. Learning principles of management is done through the past experiences of factual practicing managers 3. As business environment consists of uniform cycles exhibiting an underlying unity of realities, functions and principles of management derived through process of empirical reasoning are suitable for universal application 4. Emerging new managers through formal education and case study can develop skill and competency in management concepts and practices 5. The clasasical approach besides recognised the importance of frugal efficiency and formal organizational structure as guiding pillars of management effectigveness. 6. Business activity is based on economic gather. Organizations should therefore contro l economic incentives Neoclassical theory of managementThere are 3 neoclassical theoriesHuman Relations theory Explains the modern overture of Human Relations Management theory which takes into account world factors like the employer-employee relationship. Human relations theory is largely seen to have been born as a result of the Hawthorne experiments which Elton Mayo conducted at the Western Electrical Company. The serious strand in the development of modern management was the increase in attention to the tender factors, which has become known as the human relations school of management.The core aspect of Human Relations Theory is that, when workers were being observed and included in the research, they felt more important and valued by the company. As a result, their productivity levels went up significantly. This represented a significant departure from many of the classical theories, particularly Fordism, as it went against the notion that management needed to control worke rs, and remove their autonomy at every step. Instead, it showed that by engaging with workers and considering their requirements and needs, companys could benefit from increased productivity.Behavioral theory The behavioral management theory is often called the human relations movement because it addresses the human dimension of work. Behavioral theorists believed that a bump understanding of human behavior at work, such as motivation, conflict, expectations, and group dynamics, improved productivity. The theorists who contributed to this school viewed employees as individuals, resources, and assets to be developed and worked with not as machines, as in the past. Several individuals and experiments contributed to this theory.Social systems theory.Developed by Niklas Luhmann is an option for the theoretical foundation of Human Resource Management (HRM). After clarifying the advantages of using a grand (social) theory as the basic theoretical perspective, the roots of this social sy stems theory the deterministic view of systems as machines, the open systems approach and non-linear systems theory are addressed. Based on the view of social systems as autopoietically closed systems, five major contributions to a theoretical foundation of HRM are identified (1) the conceptualisation of organising and managing human resources as social processes, thus overcoming an individualistic angle (2) the new importance of individuals as essential element in the systems environment (3) the abstention form furthest stretchability or highly unrealistic assumptions about the nature of human beings (4) the interaction between various levels and units of analysis built into the theory which is essential for statewide and in-depth analyses of HR phenomena and (5) the openness for additional theories for which social systems theory provides the overall framework.Modern Management TheoryManagement is one or the other form has existed in every nook and corner of the world since t he dawn of civilization. Modern Management has grown with the growth of social-economics and scientific institution. Modern view consists that a worker does not work for altogether money. They work for their satisfaction and happiness with good living style. Here Non- financial award is most important factor.Modern management theories started after 1950s. Modern management theory focuses the development of each factor of workers and organization. Modern management theory refers to emphasizing the use of systematic mathematical techniques in the system with analyzing and understanding the inter-relationship of management and workers in all aspect. It has following three Streams- numerical ApproachSystem ApproachContingency ApproachQuantitative ApproachQuantitative approach also called Operation Research. Quantitative approach is a scientific method. It emphasizes the use of statistical model and systematic mathematical techniques to solving complex management problems. Its helps the management to making decisions in operations. It can only suggest the alternatives based on statistical data. It cannot take final decision.It helps the management for improving their decision making by increasing the number of alternatives and giving faster decisions on any problem. Management can easily calculate the risk and benefit of various actions.major(ip) contributors in Quantitative Approach are-Johan MacDonaldGeorge R. TerryAndrew SzilagyiSystem approachSystem approach was developed inlate1960s. Herbert A. Simon is the father of system theory. A System is defined as a set of regularly interacting or inter dependent components that create as a whole unit. The system concept enables us to see the comminuted variables and constraints and their interactions with one another.According to Cleland and King A system is composed of related and dependent elements which when in interaction from a unity whole.Characteristics of system approachA system must have some specific comp onents, units or sub units. A Change in one system affects the other subsystems. all system is influenced by super system.All systems along their subsystem must have some common objectives. A system is a goal-oriented.A system cannot exit in isolation.Major contributors in system theories are-Daniel Katz,Robert L. Khan,Richard A. Johnson.Contingency ApproachContingency Approach also knows as situational approach. In 1980s, it is recognized as a key to effective management. This approach accepts the dynamics and complexities of the organization structure. An organization is affected by its environment and environment is composed by physical resources, climate, persons, culture, economic and market conditions and their laws. This approach argues that there is no one universally applicable set of rules by which to manage organization.Major contributors in the contingency theories are-G.M. Stalker,Joan Woodward,Tom Burns,Paul R. Lawrence,L.W. Lorsch.Management by objectives (MBO) is a process of defining objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them. The term management by objectives was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.1 The essence of MBO is participative goal setting, choosing course of actions and decision making.An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the employees actual performance with the standards set. Ideally, when employees themselves have been involved with the goal setting and choosing the course of action to be followed by them, they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities. According to George S. Odiorne, the system of management by objectives can be described as a process whereby the superior and underling jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected of him, and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members.Features and advantagesSome of the important features and advantages of MBO areMotivation Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and lading. Better conference and coordination Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems.Clarity of goalsSubordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organizations objectives.Domains and levelsObjectives can be set in all domains of activities (production, marketing, services, sales, RD, human resources, finance, information systems etc.). Some objectives are collective, fo r a whole department or the whole company, others can be individualized.PracticeObjectives need quantifying and monitoring. Reliable management information systems are needed to establish relevant objectives and monitor their reach ratio in an objective way. Pay incentives (bonuses) are often linked to results in reaching the objectives.LimitationsThere are several limitations to the assumptive base underlying the impact of managing by objectives,citation needed including It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes. It underemphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which thegoals are set. That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources, to relative buy-in by leadership and stake-holders. As an eccentric of the influence of management buy-in as a contextual influencer, in a 1991 comprehensive review of thirty years of research on the impact of Management by Objectives, Robert Rodgers and John Hunter concluded that companies whose CEOs demonstrated high commitment to MBO showed, on average, a 56% gain in productivity. Companies with CEOs who showed low commitment only saw a 6% gain in productivity.citation neededStage 1. Collectively fixing objectivesThe superior and subordinate managers collectively fix the objectives. The objectives are fixed for the identify Result Areas (KRAs). KRAs are those areas which are very important for the long-term success of the organisation. For e.g. R D, Production, Finance, Marketing, etc. Definite and measurable objectives should be fixed for each KRA. The time limit for achieving the objectives should also be fixed. The objectives should be achieved by the subordinate manager. For e.g. The objective for the marketing managers may be to increase the sales of product XYZ by 50% for the year 2010-2011.Stage 2. Collectively making a planAfter fixing the objective, the superior and subordinate managers make an action plan. This plan w ill be used by the subordinate manager to achieve the objective.Stage 3. Subordinates implements the planThe subordinate manager implements the plan. That is, he puts the plan to action. He makes optimum use of the resources. If required, he takes guidance from the superior managers. Stage 4. Collectively monitoring performanceThis is the final stage in the MBO process. Here, the subordinate monitors (evaluates or measures) his own performance. He compares his performance with the think targets (objectives). If there are any deviations, then the superior and subordinates managers fix new objectives. In this stage, the superior acts like a coach and guide. He does not act like a judge.

Changes in Family Structure in Contemporary Britain

Changes in Family Structure in Contemporary BritainDescribe the changes in the family structure since the nineteenth century with reference to appropriate research and the apparent declivity of the extended family. Demonstrate knowledge of the diversity of families in contemporary Britain.In order to answer this question it is necessary to address the assumptions regarding the structure of the family pre and post industrialisation, focus upon the research of historians and social scientists such as Laslett, Anderson, Young and Willmott.Sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) put forth the view that prior to industrialisation families were extended and lived a rural life with antiauthoritarian gender relations. After industrialisation, society consisted of nuclear families who lived urbanised lives with women pecuniaryly depended upon men. He describes post-industrial family units as isolated as they are not part of a wider dodging of houseship relationships (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg335). He states that the decline of the extended family was due to industrialisation, as the requirements of skilled labour demanded geographical mobility (Abercrombie et al, 1995).Parsons theorizing has since been proven incorrect. The historian Peter Laslett actually put up that between 1564 and 1821, only 10 per centum of households contained members beyond their immediate family. He states that when couples married it was only a matter of a few years in the first place both their parents died, which implies that there simply not enough members of a family to create an extended unit. He claims There is no sign of the large, extended co-residential family group large way to the small, nuclear, conjugal, household of modern industrial society (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg338).Michael Andersons research also discredits the assumption of the develop of modern nuclear families during industrialisation and the end of the extended family. Anderson conducted an 1851 census of Preston and found that 23 percent of households contained kin other than the nuclear family (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg339). He stated that the families worked as a support meshing with Grandparents looking after siblings whilst both parents worked. It also meant support during periods of ill health or unemployment and it produced a lower share of rent paid. It was what Haralmbos et al describe as a mutual aid organisation (1995, pg339).In the 1950s, Young and Willmotts study of Bethnal Green found that two out of iii couples lived in spite of appearance three miles of their parents. They also discovered that close ties existed between female members of the family such as mother and daughter, with a constant exchange of services such as washing, shop and babysitting, between female relatives (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg341). Young and Willmott described many an(prenominal) families as a combination of families who to some degree form one domestic unit (Quoted in Haralambos at al , 1995, pg341).During Willmott and Youngs surveys and historical research, they produced three stages of the family based on their findings. The first stage is Pre-industrial, where the family acted as a unit of production with everyone running(a) together, in agriculture for example. This unit is similar to that of Parsons pre-industrial family, however it does not appear to be extended. This family structure is still seen in modern society, such as within rural farming areas. The second stage is the Early-industrial family which was extended, and acted as a support network similar to the families studied by Anderson. This is also inclusive of Willmott and Youngs Bethnal Green families in the 1950s. The third stage is the Symmetrical Family, which is nuclear, home centred, with a shared responsibility concerning housework Willmott went on to carry out research in 1980s London. He found a nuclear family, which is reliant upon kin for support but is still an independent family unit. This greatly contradicts Parsons view of an isolated nuclear family for modern society (Abercrombie et al, 1995, pg304).Robert and Rhona Rapoport however, state their research illustrates how the family structure is still evolving. Twenty percent of families in 1978 were married parents with one main breadwinner. The number of single-parent households has increased from 2.5 percent in 1961 to 10.1 percent in 1992 (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg348). Many factors could contribute to the cause of such a radical change in family structure. Legislation is one factor, as since the 1960s it is easier to get a divorce, have an abortion, homosexuality is legal and the contraceptive pill is widely available. Women are much more financially independent, which means financial security is not the only reason for marriage. The fact that people are leaving it later to get married and cohabiting for longer periods suggests a higher chance of marriage. Burgoyne and Clark found examples of couples in this situation in their study of Sheffield. They state that these individuals often view themselves as pioneers of an alternative lifestyle (Quoted in Haralambos at al, 1995, pg347). Returning to the swot up of single parenthood, the General Household Survey in 1990 found that their was not only a rise in single mothers who had divorced, but a rise from 16 percent to 34 percent of mothers who had never married (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg348). There are numerous arguments as to why this is the case, Haralmbos et al suggest many by Politicians such as John Selwyn Gummer, Peter Lilley and John Redwood who all stated a concern regarding the welfare state and the possibility of it promote single parent families (1995, pg349).To conclude, changes in family structure since the nineteenth century have been subtle. The assumptions that prior to the Industrial Revolution families were large and lived together as one democratic unit has been discredited. Even though it is safe to say that m odern society consists of mainly nuclear families and single parent families, these units depend on their extended kin network for support, which live in close proximity.BibliographyAbercrombie, N. and Alan Warde et al. 1995. Contemporary British Society A New Introduction to Sociology. Second Edition. Cambridge Polity Press.Haralambos, M. and Martin Holborn et al, 1995. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. Third Edition. London collins Educational.McRae, S. 1999. Changing Britain Families and Households. Oxford Oxford University Press.

Trabecular Bone Structure of the Distal Radius

Trabecular jampack coordinate of the Distal RadiusBackground informationThe distal end of the wheel spoke forms both palpable points, radially the styloid process and Listers tubercle on the ulnar side.Many studies have been carried out utilize a variety of modes to evaluate swot up strength, mineralisation and architecture. utilize skeletal remains to identify degradation of the trabeculate bone in both male and female of various boards at death. Previous research in the field of forensic anthropology has shown that regional variation across such sections may be masked through use of a global summary stick outs genuine results but with room to improve as technology becomes increasingly available (Boyd, S. 2015). Sode et al carried out a hear that looked at sectioning the distal rung into axial sections and utilise high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) to conclude whether similar results were obtained through global summary and sectio nal analysis.The distal end of the radius forms two physical points, the styloid process on the radius side and Listers tubercle on the ulnar side. A medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone, which is thickest at the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities. The trabeculae of the spongy tissue arch at the upper end and pass from the compact shape of the shaft to the articular head. The radius has a body and two extremities. Sectioning the distal radius and taking images that can be analysed, measured and average outs taken pass on provide higher accuracy and minimise artefacts found in other studies.HR-pQCT is a non-invasive, method for assessing bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in cortical and trabecular compartments of the distal radius that has a low radiation take a chance. Its use in clinical research has increase enormously in recent old age and has changed the understanding of age-related changes and sex differenc es in bone microarchitecture. Changes in bone structure across a wide range of bone metabolic disorders, fracture risk have also benefitted from this method.The accessibility of HR-pQCT has made it viable to gage three-dimensional bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in vivo, with an accuracy that had withal to be achieved with other methods ( ). Recent studies employ this new imaging tool has amplified understanding of age-related changes and sex differences in bone microarchitecture. The use of finite element analysis modelling to non-invasively estimate bone strength and predict fractures using reconstructed three-dimensional images is a great benefit and more suitable than invasive techniques using stronger doses of radiation.Regional analysis, by dividing the HR-pQCT images of the radius cross-section, provides corresponding information about the core structural diversity of trabecular structure that is coupled with underlying biomechanical conditions. We hypothesize that trabecular bone structure varies spatially across the trabecular compartment at the distal radius, and the degree of differences due to gender and age depend on the region.Gordon et al suggests the increased sensitivity achieved by their indices suggests that an in vivo sagaciousness of trabecular bone structure can contribute significantly to the identification of persons at risk of fracture in the living (Gordon, C., Webber, C., Adachi, J. and Christoforou, N.2017).AIM OF PROPOSED RESEARCHRegional variation in trabecular structure across axial sections is often obscured by the conventional global analysis, which takes an average value for the entire trabecular compartment. The objective of this study is to use in vivo HR-pQCT to investigate regional variations in trabecular structure at the distal radius and its differences due to gender and age.HYPOTHESIS As age progression occurs, the bone volume fraction in trabecular bone of the distal radius will decrease a s age increases. The null hypothesis concur that the bone volume fraction will show no change as age increases.RECRUITMENT Access to a large, modern, well documented bone collection is available. Provenance, age, sex and cause of death are known. Radial bones will be sourced from this collection to include individuals ranging from 18 78 years of age. Two groups, male and female will be used. Statistical values were calculated and are shown in table 1.Table 1 Results of the statistical calculations used on the data set.An estimation of 278 samples is needed for this study. However, for research to progress, this data and calculation will again be confirmed to ensure the figures are correct for valid results.INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Bones from the radius will be used from the collection and taken from individuals of both genders aged 18 -78 at time of death. Any specimens indicating pathology will be void from this study.ASSUMPTIONS AND PRECAUTIONSBased on a previous study, carried out by Boyd et al states that HR-pQCT is a non-invasive, low-radiation method for the analysis of bone specimens meaning that very limited exposure will result. Health and safety will be witnessed while using the apparatus necessary to obtain the images. In agreement with guidelines published by the health and safety executive in 2012 the doses of radiation will also be monitored and recorded. Personal protective equipment to include a laboratory coat, gloves and goggles will be worn to prevent contamination or damage to the bone collection. As demonstrated in numerous studies conventional global analysis can obscure regional differences.MATERIALS Equipment required for this study is based on the study using HR-pQCT led by Sode et al (Sode et al., 2008)High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT)- the XtremeCTImage Processing Language (Scanco Medical AG, Brttisellen, Switzerland)MatlabFinite element analysis (FEA) modeling The x-ray source potential was 60 kVp with a current of 900 A. A two-dimensional detector containing 3072 - 256 CCD elements was used to acquire 750 projections at a ampere-second ms integration time per projection. The 12.6 mm field of view was reconstructed across a 1536 - 1536 matrix, yielding 82 m isotropic voxels. The images were segmented and managed in agreement with the standard patient-style analysis protocol using Image Processing Language (Sode et al., 2008).ANALYSIS The HR-pQCT systems have been thoroughly tested for both accuracy and preciseness using CT of ex vivo bone as the gold-standard (Sode et al., 2008). The distal radius of each subject was imaged using an in vivo HR-pQCT scanner. A 10mm section of the radius was imaged on both sides to avoid dominant hand Bias. Acquisition time per image was 3 minutes per scan and images were instantly reviewed for artifacts and repeated if any were detected (Boyd, 2015). 9 images were excluded due to artifacts. A semi-automated edge-defining algorithm was applied to mark areas of cortical bone and the target trabecular bone on the surface. The cortical and trabecular regions were sectioned mechanically by the analysis protocol as described in detail by Laib et al (Laib et al,1996). Using MATLAB, the trabecular region was divided into inner and outer(prenominal) sub regions. Additionally, inner and outer trabecular compartments were divided into bony quadrants at each section based on the defined reference line from MATLAB to get out 8 sub regions in total.Statistical analysis was undertaken using a Shapiro-Wilk test to predict the normality of the data. Due to separation and standard deviation of trabecular separation the data was not normally distributed so non-parametric statistical analysis was carried out.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORKThis method of analysing trabecular bone thickness will be a valuable tool both with cadaveric material and living individuals due to the low radiation risk associated. In terms of research t o economic aid the living many fields could gain invaluable knowledge of the risk of fractures and the development and tracking of disease such as osteoporosis. The repeatability of this study will modify others to repeat with greater sample numbers. However, at present its high cost means HR-pQCT is still a research tool, the high resolution and efficiency of this method exposes advantages over the methods used at present for bone assessment which will in time prove an invaluable clinical tool. In the future, regional differences in age-related changes of trabecular structure at the distal radius should be examined in a longitudinal study using slighlty larger radial cross sections.ReferencesBoutroy, S., vanguard Rietbergen, B., Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Bouxsein, M. and Delmas, P. (2007). Finite Element Analysis Based on In Vivo HR-pQCT Images of the Distal Radius Is Associated with Wrist Fracture in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and mineral Research, 23(3), pp.392-3 99.Boyd, S. (2015). High resolution imaging of bones by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Bone Abstracts.Clarke, B. (2017). Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology. online Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology. Available at http//cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/3/Supplement_3/S131.full Accessed 19 Mar. 2017.Dalzell, N., Kaptoge, S., Morris, N., Berthier, A., Koller, B., Braak, L., van Rietbergen, B. and Reeve, J. (2009). Bone micro-architecture and determinants of strength in the radius and tibia age-related changes in a population-based study of normal adults measured with high-resolution pQCT. Osteoporosis International, 20(10), pp.1683-1694.Dixon, A. and Jamieson, E. (1937). Dixons manual of human osteology. 1st ed. Oxford University Press.GENANT, H. (2006). Advanced Imaging Assessment of Bone Quality. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1068(1), pp.410-428.Gordon, C., Webber, C., Adachi, J. and Christoforou, N. (2017). In vivo assessm ent of trabecular bone structure at the distal radius from high-resolution computed tomography images.Kalpakcioglu, B., Engelke, K. and Genant, H. (2011). Advanced imaging assessment of bone fragility in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bone, 48(6), pp.1221-1231.Laib, A., Hildebrand, T. and Regsegger, P. (1996). In vivo assessment of trabecular bone structure with 3D computed tomography and local reconstruction. Bone, 19(3), p.147.Li, H., Zhang, A., Bone, L., Buyea, C. and Ramanathan, M. (2014). A Network Modeling Approach for the Spatial Distribution and Structure of Bone Mineral Content. The AAPS Journal, 16(3), pp.478-487.MacNeil, J. and Boyd, S. (2007). Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality. Medical Engineering Physics, 29(10), pp.1096-1105.McDonald, J. (2012). Standardisation in Standards. Radiation testimonial Dosimetry, 148(4), pp.387-388.Melton, L., Riggs, B., van Lenthe, G., Achenbach, S., Mller, R., Bo uxsein, M., Amin, S., Atkinson, E. and Khosla, S. (2007). Contribution of In Vivo Structural Measurements and Load/Strength Ratios to the Determination of Forearm Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 22(9), pp.1442-1448.Moore, K., Agur, A. and Dalley, A. (2015). Essential clinical anatomy. 1st ed. Philadelphia Wolters Kluwer Health.Popp, A., Buffat, H., Eberli, U., Lippuner, K., Ernst, M., Richards, R., Stadelmann, V. and Windolf, M. (2014). Microstructural Parameters of Bone Evaluated Using HR-pQCT Correlate with the DXA-Derived Cortical Index and the Trabecular Bone Score in a cohort of Randomly Selected Premenopausal Women. PLoS ONE, 9(2), p. e88946.Sode, M., Burghardt, A., Kazakia, G., Link, T. and Majumdar, S. (2010). Regional variations of gender-specific and age-related differences in trabecular bone structure of the distal radius and tibia. Bone, 46(6), pp.1652-1660.Sode, M., Burghardt, A., Nissenson, R. and Majumdar, S. (2008). Resol ution Dependence of the Non-Metric Trabecular Structure Indices. Bone, 42(4), pp.728-736.White, T. and Folkens, P. (2005). The human bone manual. 1st ed. Amsterdam Elsevier Academic, pp.31-48.

Computer Security And The Threat Of Hacking Computer Science Essay

computing device Security And The Threat Of Hacking electronic computing device Science Essay computer certificate is a safety operating carcass that is an important feature to install on a computer. It ensures safety and protective covering from unknown region maprs and threats. If a safety operating dodge is weak, unknown drug users, or hackers, argon able to break into the database and install pestilential viruses, as nearly as steal personal information. Computer protection and hacking rump have both disadvantages and advantages. Computer security has evolved from early on to being a key component to own. Hacking, as well as computer security, has developed into a more abusive and precarious activity. Currently, security programs have been developed to stop hacking and viruses from encroach onto a users computer. Computer security and hacking have had impact on society nowadays, globally and locally. Users use computer security to their benefit when pull throu ghing personal information stored on their database. Hacking tail end destroy a users identity, or possibly their reputation. Businesses and organizations have benefited from security, by its protection of information and protection from outside persecute. Hacking stand be apply as a good path to check a computers sustainability to dangers through networks and the internet. Computer security and hacking are two important slews discussed and recognized today.Computer Security is an important element of safety precaution when using a computer. These operating systems run on computers to ensure the safety of personal and pecuniary information, along with protection. Computer security whoremaster be a in truth useful component to acquire 1. If an unknown user tries to admission fee a computer database, computer security go out ensure that that user will not be let in 2. in addition keeping unknown users out of otherwises computer databases, computer security also give ups p rotection from harmful threats and viruses. Once these viruses square off their right smart onto a users computer, information and harbour access can be stolen 3. There are significant advantages and disadvantages of having a strong computer system, one advantage being protection from viruses and other harmful attacks 4.Hacking has found its way into the world of computers. Hacking can be destructive, harmful, and can have some bad impact on peoples lives. If a computer system is not protected by a security operating system, hackers can find their way into that database easily. Once in, hackers can obtain personal, financial, and important information 5. This can shake ruin in a users business and personal life, and much more. While being branded a bad function, hacking can help many as well. Some hackers are able to test the reliability of a computers security system, to find weak spots in the barrier 6. Like computer security, hacking can have both costs, but benefits too 2.T he purpose of this report is to allow computer users to gain insight on the aspects of computer security and the good issue of hacking. Computer security can allow users to feel comfortable knowing their personal information is being kept hidden. But even with a high-altitude computer security system, one is still vulnerable to a hacking intrusion. A computer users private information, such as social security, credit card numbers, passwords, email addresses, and other information is at risk to being taken.There are a number of objectives covered in this report. First, computer security is used to keep personal, financial, and other private information kept confidential. Second, computer security blocks viruses and attackers from advance on ones computer. Third, even with this security, one is still susceptible to a hacking attack. And lastly, hacking can be easily hurtful, but could in some cases be just as helpful for users.The main contents of this report allow computer secur ity, and the issue of hacking. Computer security is described as a protection technique for personal information, and for blocking unwanted threats from the internet. Hacking is described as being a harmful way to obtain information from other users databases. Viruses and threats are each described in order for other users to know the differences between them all. Also in this report are ship canal to check a computers security and ways to keep it protected from harm too.2 Background2.1Computer security is an operating system used on computer databases to protect and provide safety to users. Besides preventing unauthorized access, computer security provides protection for personal, financial, and classified information 1. One type of this security system requires a validation of a username and password provided by the user, in order to gain access into the computer database 2, pg.267. Besides validating who the user is, it also confirms that the user is not trying to attempt an unl awful operation 2, pg.31. As shown in estimate 1, computer security requires a key, or username and password, in order to access the database. Many businesses and organizations have benefited greatly from this operating system, because it allows their private information to stay confidential and secret 1.http//comtrec.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Computer-Internet-Security.jpgFigure 1 Picture representing the security operating system,with the double star representation inside a computer.Computer security had begun physically in the 1950-60s. Computer systems then were guarded by security officers, to stop the attempt of gaining unauthorized access. Later on in the 60s and 70s, access could be granted over telephone lines, which caused a change in the way computers were externally guarded 2, 266-7. By the 90s, companies sprang up to provide a more modern way of securing computer systems. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) was developed by Netscape Communications, (which was an early web browser) to get fix transfer of info when buying online. By 1999, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) had been developed, and was very similar to the Secure Sockets Layer, but with a few important improvements 2, 350-1.Hacking can be defined as the encroachment of ones personal or business computer system by an outside source 7. Hackers, or the outside sources encroaching on the personal computer, can have many motives to these intrusions. Some hackers have admitted to only wanting to enjoy the challenge of overcoming a security system 8. other(a) hackers have admitted to wanting private or financial information for their own personal gain 7. There are diametrical ways a computer can be hacked into. These ways include through downloads, internet-based programs, and through fraud emails. Through these, hackers can plant viruses and attacks which make it possible to overcome a security system 3.A hacker has had many definitions from early on. In the Middle Ages, a hacker was in the business of creating tools known as hoes. Later on into the 17th Century, a hacker had become a strong worker that handled a hoe. Today, a hacker has nothing to do with an actual tool, but is up to(p) of being a strong worker, when it comes to intruding upon anothers computer system 2, pgs.657-8. The earliest form of hacking was known as phreaking. This involved hacking using telephone lines 9, pgs.12- 13.2.2There are a number of advantages and disadvantages when it comes to computer security. Some advantages include greater storage space, resource and file sharing, an increase in cost efficiency, and security of private information. Some disadvantages include the expensive cost, it could have a number of weak spots, and some security issues 4.Hacking has some important costs and benefits when it comes into play. Some costs include the owner loses prevail over his or her information, harmful viruses and threats on users computers, and loss of data either being intentional or unint entional by hacker. An important benefit is ethical hacking, because users can determine where the weak spots in their system are 2, pg.659.2.3 There are some theories to deciding whether hacking can be good or bad. In some ways, it can be dangerous, hurtful, and devastating. Many can lose their personal information, such as social security, credit card numbers, emails, addresses, and much more, and can be left with nothing. In some ways, hacking could be a good thing. This is true because many hire ethical hackers to test their computers security strength to find weak areas in their systems. It is an undecided theory, because hacking can be labeled good and bad, and each argument can be supported 2, 659.2.4 A class for viruses, threats, worms, Trojans, spyware, and other forms of attacks is known as malware. 7. A small portion of software that can enter a users computer secretly and in other easy ways is known as a virus. Trojans are similar to a virus, but different in the fact th at once installed, it allows the Trojan horses creator the ability to take everything on the users computer. Spyware is capable of being installed at heart a users database with or without the user having knowledge of it 3. These types of threats and attacks are hidden within programs that come as fake emails, internet-programs, and downloads. Figure 2 below demonstrates all the different types of harmful threats that can be uploaded onto your computer by hackers.http//www.dreamstime.com/computer-and-network-security-hand-thumb4123007.jpgFigure 2 This is a collection of all the differenttypes of viruses and threats that can be harmfulfor a users computer.3 Computer Security and Hacking3.1Society has been impacted by computer security in a number of ways. Computer security ensures users that their personal, financial, and other information will be kept secret from the eyes of others. It impacts businesses and organizations by keeping their confidential data safe from view and harm and helping them in staying successful 1. It allows users to share files and resources, an increased amount of storage space, and an increase in cost efficiency 4. As well as protect information, computer security has impacted users and their computers from nasty viruses, threats, and malware as well 3. Computer security is an important piece of technology that has impacted society since its beginning.Hacking is impacting society today in many ways. Hacking impacts users by taking their personal information, and could possibly display it over the internet 7. It is causing an increase in cost for companies and organizations to fix their computer systems after a security breach, and to obtain better security. There has been recent documentation dealing with an increased amount of threats found in web sites that can easily be uploaded onto databases. 10. Hacking impacts businesses and organizations if these do not have a strong security system. Hacking can have a number of impacts on society, especially taking personal information from other users 5.3.2 Computer security involves another component, called a firewall. This component, software or hardware, is made to block unwanted threats and viruses from a users computer. A firewall is used to prevent the intrusion of hackers, viruses, and many other threats from gaining access and information onto a computer 11. An example of a strong firewall that provides protection and dependability is the Cisco pix Firewall 10.A well-known security system used by many is called Symantec. Symantec had originated in 1982. It has become the worlds largest software company, with business internationally, and with over 17,000 workers. Symantec ensures security of the computer, its infrastructure, and all the components within it. Symantec has a research lab where new technologies are developed to ensure even more security 12.Norton AntiVirus is Symantecs current security program. Norton provides safe networking, protection onlin e, and a scanner to check for viruses and threats. Norton is a very trusting program, because it ensures safety for users and for their computers. Figure 4 is a picture of the program Norton AntiVirus. Figure 5 represents the Norton program at work. This main screen alerts the user if their system is not secure, and what types of protection the user would like to be on or off. 12http//www.amitbhawani.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Norton360-Box-Package.png http//www.windows7hacker.com/wp-content/uploads/blog/DownloadNortonAntivirus2010BetaonWindows_E88F/NewNortonAntiVirus.pngFigure 3 Picture of the Norton Figure 4 This figure represents the Norton AntiVirus program AntiVirus main screen3.3 Even though hacking is labeled as dangerous, some have found hacking to be a blessing. Some computer users hire ethical hackers, which are those who imitate an actual attack onto a users computer system, in order to test that computers security system and its blocking power. While imitating this attack, ethical hackers are also looking for weaknesses within the system, and what could be stolen in a real hacking attack 6. Another way to check a networks security is by sending a vulnerability scanner over the computer. Like ethical hacking, a vulnerability scanner will check for weaknesses in the security, and will increase the security as well. Besides scanning for weaknesses in the security wall, users should consistently be checking their computers for any type of threats or attacks. If these threats or attacks are not resolved, all types of malware could corrupt the database 10.4 ConclusionComputer Security is described as being a protection mechanics for computer databases. This mechanism can come in different shapes, styles, and forms 1. One of the types of computer security is a validation code. The user of the computer must provide his/her own username and password to access the database 2. Another type is AntiVirus security, such as Norton AntiVirus by Symantec. This program will provide protection from harmful threats and viruses, and hackers as well 12. Computer security has provided many with comfort knowing that their private and financial information will be kept safe from other eyes on their computers. Big companies and organizations have benefited from computer security, because with it they have a comforting feeling that their important information will be kept safe 1.Hacking is a dangerous and unfortunate activity that occurs on vulnerable computers 7. Hackers find their way into other users systems, and depending on what they want, credit card numbers, social security, or anything of the like, they are likely to attend in getting 5. Hackers can plant harmful viruses and threats into a users system with or without that user knowing 7. It can be a very upsetting and unlucky event to happen, because users are susceptible to having their personal information stolen or revealed to the public 2, pg.659. But in the light of things, ha cking could be a good thing for some users. Ethical hacking can be a useful method for checking a computers security barrier. It finds the weak spots that a computer hacker, virus or threat could enter the database through 6.There are ways to improve computer security and to keep hackers and viruses out of computer systems. Ethical hacking could be a method used to find the vulnerable areas in the security, which would inform the user that better security is needed 6. Similar to ethical hacking, a vulnerability scanner runs over the system scanning for weak spots, and improves security too 10. Certain antiviral programs could be purchased and installed to increase security. Such programs as Norton AntiVirus will alert the user of any threats, scans the system, and will keep a computer safe 12.There are conclusions Ive drawn from researching computer security and hacking. First, computer security is a very important component to have on a computer. Businesses and companies have impac ted from it, because they are able to keep valuable information stored on their computers. Without it, users should not be on the internet or network at all. Hacking can be a very uncomforting and hurtful activity to users and their computers. Users can have their private and financial information taken from them, as well as being made public. There are many types of viruses and threats that can harm users computers, especially the ones thought to be low risk. The reason I drew these conclusions is because they are important things to know and understand. If one is nave to the risks of the internet and hackers, their computers, as well as themselves are in peril.There are some issues that I would like to address in future studies. I would like address the issue of weak spots in a computers security. I would like to see this security to not have these weak spots, and to fix them before using them on computers. Second, I want users to bring how dangerous it is to not have a computer security operating system, before they find it is too late. I would like to see programs such as Facebook and MySpace not allow users to put as much information as they allow now. Because of this displaying of information, many are susceptible to danger. I would like these issues to be communicate in future studies.

Free Essays - Human Fears in Catch-22 :: Catch-22

Catch-22 Human Fears   The satirical and sympathetic t mavens in Catch-22 create bizarre situations and tragedy that describe war without the false glory and honor. It exposes human fears and needs in a time of pressure.   The diction of Catch-22 displaces the irrational ideas that the military upholds regarding death. The clause of Catch-22 has no consideration for the rational mind, or concern for ones own safety. Catch-22 is a logical infallibility that makes one follow in endless circles of nonsense. Anyone sensible is lost in this swamp of incomprehensibility. Sane becomes arguable and life becomes a joke when regarded by dint of a catch-22. in that location was a grim secret...over the messy floor, like garbage, it was the inevitable end. Death was so often and close and real that it became like a secret between soldiers that if it wasnt told by chance it would never be true. When they were dead they were like garbage, they could be burned, dropped and buried. For everyone in the war, death could be at any time. It was coming but they didnt know when. Death was treat like it was impersonal, almost a joke a horrible joke that no individual had control over.   In Catch-22 the detail portrays the actions leading Yossarian to become an Atheist. quiver uncontrollably, he kept thinking everyone is trying to kill me.   Physical pain isnt uncommon in war. It can create fear and cause anger toward everything, no matter what the cause. The thought that so many people are coming with guns forward and that they all could potential end his life this paranoia kept running through the mind of Yossarian. With something like Catch-22 it must be a mean and stupid God. Catch-22 keeps a soldier in the fight with the fear and anger and danger. When you seem hopelessly lost and in peril all the time, one will begin to question the meaning of it all. why am I still here? Why me? These questions and situations without an answer c reated a loss in faith.       The organization of the plot moves from confusion to argument and finally to refutation. In the beginning Yossarian tries to reason with the officers to let him stop ready missions.

Images Of Control Propaganda Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the superior revolutions in the twentieth ampere-second was not political in nature. It however aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced unitary of the greatest changes in mean of communication including technologies such as radio, television, motion pictures, advanced telecommunications and the Internet. These technologies have been used to fulfill the purposes of many. Some who wished to use this technology to influence other people. A term commonly used to describe the use of media to convince or persuade other people of a certain idea or cause is propaganda. Political leaders often use techniques of propaganda, as the goal of politicians is to convince people that their ideas supercede those of others. Two examples of propaganda being used extensively during the twentieth century is by the National left German Workers Party ( Nazi) in Germany from 1933 1945 and by the Comm unist government led by Josef Stalin in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1929 1953. In examining these two states and their use of propaganda, it can be seen that although both state had radically different ideologies, certain trends in their use of propaganda can be constitute to be in common. These primarily being the glorification of individuals or groups as heroes, the glorification of the leader of the state, and the dehumanizing of the states enemies. After Adolf Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany in 1933 he started to establish a Nazi government. It became immediately apparent that the new government would have to get the peoples unquestioned support. Although the Nazi caller had been relatively popular before Hitler became Chancellor, there was still opposition to be found in some people. One tactic that was used by the Nazi propagandists was to use a hero to symbolize all that could be accomplished under the new National Socialist government. A hero is also utilizable to rally the people behind something that they can relate to and have sympathy for. The obvious example of this is the Nazi glorification of Horst Wessel. Considered a Nazi martyr, he was in reality murdered and was not really a hero at all. He was however used by Nazi Propaganda minister Goebbels to be seen as a National Socialist hero who was murdered by Communists (Welch, 1983, p. 75). Horst Wes... ...es from both nations can reveal certain common themes including the glorification of heroes, an all-powerful leader and the humiliation of the nations enemies. It can be concluded that since two separate nations used the same themes and media that there must have been some degree of success. As one looks back at these two regimes one may wonder how people could have supported these radical and often horrific forms of government. Propaganda is defiantly one of many answers. Works CitedBonnel, Victoria E. Iconography of Power Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin BerkeleyUniversity of California Press, 1997.Britain Alone. Videotape. London BBC TV 1980. 20min. Hitler, Adolf and Anton Drexler Programme of the NSDAP, 24 February 1920, 1999, Hiter HistoricalMuseum, Retrieved 07 Nov. 1999.Maltin, Leonard Triumph of the forget Leonard Maltins Movie and Video Guide 1995 CD-ROM. Dutton Signet, 1994.Triumph Des Willens. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl Berlin NSDAP Reichspropaganda Abteilund, 1934Welch, David Propaganda and the German Cinema 1933 1945 Oxford Clarendon Press, 1983